General Office of Guangdong Provincial People’s Government on Promoting and Standardizing

Implementation opinions on the application and development of big data in health care

People’s governments at the local level and listed, people’s governments of counties (cities, districts), departments and institutions directly under the provincial government:

　　In order to implement the Guiding Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Promoting and Standardizing the Application and Development of Big Data in Health Care (Guo Ban Fa [2016] No.47), adapt to the development trend of big data technology, promote and standardize the integration, sharing and open application of big data in health care, improve the medical service capacity and improve the health level of the people, with the consent of the provincial people’s government, we hereby put forward the following implementation opinions.
　　I. General requirements

　　(1) Guiding ideology. We will fully implement the spirit of the 18th CPC National Congress and the Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Plenary Sessions of the 18th CPC Central Committee, thoroughly implement the spirit of the series of important speeches by the Supreme Leader General Secretary and the new ideas, new ideas and new strategies for governing the country, conscientiously implement the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee, the State Council, the provincial party committee and the provincial government, adhere to the concept of innovation, coordination, green, openness and shared development, take the protection of people’s health as the starting point, adhere to people-oriented, innovation-driven, standardized, orderly, safe and controllable, The principle of open integration, co-construction and sharing, consolidate the grassroots foundation, improve the policy system, innovate the working mechanism, vigorously promote the interconnection, integration and open sharing of government health care information systems and public health care data, fully stimulate the innovation vitality of health care big data, explore new applications of data, innovate new service models, foster and develop new formats, provide strong support for building a strong health province and a healthy Guangdong, and make positive contributions to achieving the goal of "three orientations and two firsts".
　　(2) objectives and tasks.
　　—— By the end of 2017, a provincial-level comprehensive health information management platform with complete functions and unified authority will be initially established to realize interconnection with the national population health information platform. Realize the interconnection between the provincial drug bidding and purchasing business application supervision platform and the national drug supply security comprehensive management information platform.
　　—— By the end of 2018, all the listed and county (city, district) national health information comprehensive management platforms have been built at all levels, and connected with provincial platforms, forming an efficient and unified network covering all kinds of medical and health family planning institutions at all levels, and realizing business application interconnection, information sharing and effective collaboration.
　　—— By the end of 2020, the province’s health care data will be shared with basic data resources such as population, legal person, spatial geography and environment across departments and regions, and the data fusion application in medical care, medicine, medical insurance and health-related fields will achieve remarkable results, and the new format of health care big data application will flourish, initially forming a health care big data industry system. Health care big data application standard system, data security and privacy protection system, relevant policies and regulations have been continuously improved, the quality of health care services has been significantly improved, and the people have received more benefits.
　　Second, accelerate the construction of a shared and open health care big data application infrastructure system.

　　(1) Accelerate the construction of "one network, three platforms and three databases". Strengthen the top-level design and implement the Guangdong "Healthy Cloud" service plan. Integrate and utilize existing facilities and resources such as e-government extranet, network operator network and government cloud resources, and accelerate the construction to form a private network for health care services covering provinces, cities, counties (districts), townships (towns) and villages (residences). We will build a unified and authoritative comprehensive management platform for national health information at the provincial, municipal and county levels, connect all kinds of medical and health institutions at all levels, and strengthen data collection, integrated sharing and business collaboration of application information systems such as public health, family planning, medical services, medical security, drug supply and comprehensive management. Strengthen the maturity evaluation of interconnection of the comprehensive management platform of national health information at city and county levels, and improve the level of interconnection. Establish three unified databases of the whole province, namely, full population, electronic health records of residents and electronic medical records, and build a provincial-level national health big data center with the three databases as the core. (Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, Development and Reform Commission, the municipal people’s government is responsible for all localities, and the Provincial Economic and Information Commission, the Public Security Department, the Department of Finance, the Department of Human Resources and Social Security, and the Food and Drug Administration cooperate, and the first department is the lead department, the same below)
　　(two) to speed up the upgrading of medical and health institutions information system. Accelerate the transformation and upgrading of the information system of medical and health institutions with electronic medical records as the core, reduce repeated investment and improve the efficiency of information construction. To break the data chimney formed by vertical business information system and the data island formed by isolated business information system, the information systems of medical and health institutions at all levels should all be connected with the comprehensive management platform of national health information of provinces, cities and counties, and realize data fusion within medical and health institutions and data sharing between medical institutions and between medical institutions and public health institutions. Strengthen the maturity of information system interconnection and evaluation of the application level of electronic medical record system in medical and health institutions, and improve the application level of electronic medical record. (Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, the municipal people’s governments at all levels are responsible, and the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Finance Department and the Human Resources and Social Security Department cooperate)
　　(3) Establish a mechanism for the collection, sharing and opening of health care data.
　　Promote the interconnection of the government health care information system with the three databases of the whole province’s population, residents’ electronic health records and electronic medical records, share data, and cooperate with business applications efficiently. Effectively collect data on medical services, traditional Chinese medicine, biomedicine, insurance supervision, research and development and management of drugs and medical equipment, inspection and quarantine, public health, population management, education and scientific research, food and agriculture, meteorological environment, physical fitness, etc., support management model innovation and e-government development, and realize the collection of health care data, business matters and health decision-making on the platform. (Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, Economic and Information Technology Commission are responsible, and all relevant units cooperate)
　　Combined with the needs of the "one-door, one-network" government service model, we will further promote the sharing of government data related to population and health, and smooth the data sharing channel. The establishment of centralized management of health and family planning departments, Chinese medicine, development and reform, education, science and technology, economy and informatization, public security, civil affairs, human resources and social security, environmental protection, agriculture, commerce, safety supervision, inspection and quarantine, food and drug supervision, sports, statistics, tourism, meteorology, insurance supervision, Disabled Persons’ Federation and other departments closely cooperate with the regular exchange and sharing mechanism of health and medical data. (Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, Economic and Information Technology Commission are responsible, and all relevant units cooperate)
　　Strengthen data quality management, establish and improve the standards of health care data collection, cleaning, warehousing and storage, establish a data quality evaluation mechanism, insist on controlling data quality from the source, and ensure that health care data is legal, authentic, effective and available. Explore the development of desensitization and opening methods for residents’ health care privacy information, build and improve the open platform for health care data, smooth the open channels of data, and steadily promote the opening of health care big data. Explore the establishment of Guangdong health care data resource catalogue system, and make a good connection with the national health care data resource catalogue. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission is responsible, and the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission and the Legislative Affairs Office cooperate)
　　Third, comprehensively deepen the application of big data in health care

　　(1) Promote the application of governance big data in the health care industry.
　　Establish and improve the monitoring and evaluation index system and evaluation model for deepening the reform of medical and health system, realize real-time monitoring of key indicators such as medical service price, medical insurance financing and payment, control of residents’ medical burden, and drug use, deepen the accurate evaluation of the reform effect of medical and health system, and improve the pertinence and effectiveness of reform decisions. Strengthen the application of evaluation and monitoring results, and promote the formation of a new model of health management decision-making based on data, such as industry supervision, performance evaluation, input compensation and personnel compensation. (Responsible for the Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, with the cooperation of the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Department of Finance and the Department of Human Resources and Social Security)
　　Open the data channel between medical institution management information system and clinical information system, integrate and analyze clinical, operation, cost accounting and quality evaluation data, build an evaluation system of medical institutions with comprehensive information, scientific evaluation, authoritative conclusion and timely update, improve the authority and credibility of evaluation results, and link it with hospital evaluation, fund allocation, performance pay, etc., promote the deepening of public hospital reform, improve modern hospital management system, and promote the improvement of hospital operation management level and medical service quality. (Responsible for the Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, with the cooperation of the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Department of Finance and the Department of Human Resources and Social Security)
　　We will improve the monitoring mechanism for the income composition and changing trend of medical institutions, such as medical care, medicines and medical consumables, and cooperate with business information such as medical service price, medical insurance payment, bidding and purchasing of medicines and medical consumables, drug use and medical expense control, strengthen the monitoring and early warning of anti-fraud of medical insurance, and promote the joint reform of medical care, medical insurance and medicine. Accelerate the integration of comprehensive supervision information on health and family planning, realize the interconnection between comprehensive supervision and law enforcement information and health care related information systems, and improve the level of industry supervision. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission is responsible, with the cooperation of the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Department of Finance, the Department of Human Resources and Social Security, the Food and Drug Administration and the Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine)
　　(2) Promote the application of big data in clinical medical care and scientific research. Make full use of national key clinical specialties, provincial key clinical specialties, national and provincial key laboratories and other advantageous resources, rely on the National Clinical Medical Research Center, the National Traditional Chinese Medicine Data Center and the collaborative research network, base on South China, face Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, and radiate to Southeast Asia, and build a number of regional clinical medical data demonstration centers in the directions of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, tumors, geriatric diseases, respiratory diseases, nephropathy, reproduction, orthopedics, hepatobiliary, pediatrics, maternal and child health care, occupational diseases and traditional Chinese medicine. Strengthen the integration and sharing of clinical medicine and basic medical research data resources, and improve the transformation and application efficiency of medical research. Relying on clinical medical data demonstration center, integrating medical service data, drug research and development evaluation and management data, traditional Chinese medicine data and biomedical data, developing clinical decision support system to support clinicians to improve work efficiency and diagnosis and treatment quality. Promote the application of biomedical technologies such as gene chip and sequencing technology in genetic disease diagnosis, early cancer diagnosis and disease prevention and detection, realize the effective docking of genome information and electronic medical records, and promote the development of precision medical technology. Establish a genome database and a database of specialized subjects and diseases, and promote the research and application of disease markers. Create a number of precision medical specialties and precision medical pilot hospitals. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission and the Chinese Medicine Bureau are responsible, and the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Science and Technology Department and the Food and Drug Administration cooperate)
　　(3) Promote the application of public health big data. Promote the interconnection between various national special newspaper information systems and the comprehensive management platform of national health information at the provincial, city and county levels. We will improve information systems such as immunization planning, online direct reporting, online first aid, management and treatment of severe mental disorders, prevention and control of occupational diseases, early warning and decision-making of public health risks at ports, and the application functions of mobile emergency business platforms, so as to enhance the ability of public health monitoring, evaluation and decision-making management. Integrate social network public information resources and improve the early warning mechanism of disease-sensitive information. Strengthen cooperation with the World Health Organization, international and public health institutions in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, carry out research on the frontier technology of public health information, early warning and prediction research on the risk of sudden acute infectious diseases of international concern, and timely grasp and dynamically analyze the international public health risks such as the disease occurrence trend of the whole population and the global epidemic information of infectious diseases. Promote the information acquisition and information sharing of entry personnel in countries and regions where the epidemic broke out in advance, strengthen the business cooperation of inspection and quarantine, public health, foreign affairs, commerce, tourism, customs, port border inspection, maritime affairs, medical care, civil aviation, port services, railways and other units, prevent and control the imported epidemic, and improve the early warning and emergency response capabilities of public health emergencies. Promote the sharing of monitoring data of drug use, environmental sanitation, epidemiological factors monitoring, insect vector monitoring, drinking water, health hazard factors, port medical vector biology, nuclear biochemistry, food, meteorology, inspection and quarantine, sports, tourism and other industries, and effectively evaluate social factors affecting residents’ health by relying on residents’ electronic health records and electronic medical record databases.Carry out biological monitoring of key infectious diseases, occupational diseases, imported infectious diseases at ports and medical vectors, integrate multi-source monitoring data of infectious diseases and occupational diseases, establish a rapid identification network system for laboratory pathogen detection results, and improve the ability to prevent and control major diseases. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission is responsible for the cooperation of all members of the joint meeting of the provincial prevention and control of major diseases)
　　(4) Promote the application of big data in traditional Chinese medicine. We will build a provincial platform for the management and utilization of big data resources of traditional Chinese medicine, a cloud platform for health information in TCM diagnosis and treatment areas, and a management information system for chronic diseases with TCM characteristics, health services and prevention of diseases. Improve and perfect the standards related to the analysis and application of big data of traditional Chinese medicine, build a big data center of traditional Chinese medicine and a database of diagnosis and treatment technology of traditional Chinese medicine covering medical treatment, prevention, health care, health preservation, rehabilitation, Chinese herbal pieces, Chinese patent medicines and hospital preparations, promote the application development of semantics of traditional Chinese medicine, data analysis and mining, intelligent diagnosis and treatment, knowledge management, vigorously develop "internet plus Traditional Chinese Medicine", realize diversified collection and in-depth analysis of big data resources of traditional Chinese medicine, and promote the convenience and benefit of smart Chinese medicine. Develop value-added services of TCM data resources and innovative services of TCM, and promote collaborative research on major diseases of TCM. (The Provincial Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine is responsible, with the cooperation of the Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, the Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Science and Technology Department, the Civil Affairs Department, the Finance Department, the Culture Department and the Tourism Bureau)
　　(5) Cultivate new formats for the application of big data in health care. Strengthen key technologies such as storage and cleaning of massive data in health care, analysis and mining, and security and privacy protection. Accelerate the integration and innovation of health care data and new generation information and communication technologies such as cloud computing and big data, promote the deep integration of health care business and big data technology, and accelerate the construction of health care big data industry chain. Actively encourage social forces to innovate and develop health care business, and take various measures to support the development of health care service industry. Develop home health information services, standardize services such as online pharmacies and third-party distribution of medical logistics, and continuously promote the coordinated development of health care and health care, pension, housekeeping and other service industries. Promote the development of Chinese medicine, health care, health management, health consultation, health culture, physical fitness, health medical tourism, healthy environment, healthy diet and other industries. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission is responsible, with the cooperation of the Provincial Economic and Information Technology Commission, Science and Technology Department, Civil Affairs Department, Culture Department, Sports Bureau, Tourism Bureau and Chinese Medicine Bureau)
　　(six) the development and promotion of digital health care intelligent equipment. Support the research and development of artificial intelligence technology, biological three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, medical robots, large-scale medical equipment, health and rehabilitation AIDS, wearable devices and related micro-sensor devices related to health care, accelerate the transformation of research and development results, improve the production and manufacturing level of digital medical equipment, Internet of Things equipment, smart health products, Chinese medicine functional status detection and health care instruments and equipment, and promote the upgrading of health care intelligent equipment industry. (The Provincial Economic and Information Technology Commission is responsible, with the cooperation of the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Health and Family Planning Commission, the Science and Technology Department, the Quality Supervision Bureau and the Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine)
　　Fourth, standardize and promote the development of "internet plus Health Care"

　　(a) the development of smart health care services for the convenience of the people. Integrate online and offline resources, and establish a "internet plus Health Care" service, payment and credit, health management and promotion system. Vigorously promote the application of Internet health consultation, online appointment and triage, mobile payment, intelligent guidance, whole process reminder and inspection results inquiry, follow-up, satisfaction feedback of medical industry and institutions, and form a standardized, shared, mutual trust and convenient health care service process. Develop third-party online health survey, consultation and evaluation, health management, health education and other application services to promote the quality of health care services. Promote the construction mode of new network hospitals such as online hospital, Pocket Hospital and Cloud Hospital, develop Internet hospitals, and promote online registration of birth. Based on residents’ electronic health records, integrate residents’ health management and medical information resources, and carry out electronic health information services covering the whole life cycle of prevention, treatment, rehabilitation and health management. Vigorously promote mobile payment of medical insurance, combine online service hall, mobile APP, WeChat and other means to carry out data integration and information sharing, expand the application of social security cards in the field of medical insurance, and realize medical services such as medical registration, inquiry of electronic medical records and health records, and direct settlement of medical expenses. Promote a healthy lifestyle, encourage residents to activate electronic health records, electronic medical records and other applications, and improve residents’ self-health management ability. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission and the Human Resources and Social Security Department are responsible, and the Provincial Economic and Information Technology Commission and the Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine cooperate)
　　(2) Establish a telemedicine application system in an all-round way.
　　Build a telemedicine system connecting the third-class first-class hospitals and county hospitals in eastern, western and northern Guangdong. With county-level hospitals as the hub, a telemedicine network extending to township hospitals, community health service centers and conditional village health stations will be built, and the telemedicine coverage of various medical institutions at all levels will be gradually realized, and telemedicine services such as remote consultation, remote pathological diagnosis, imaging diagnosis, ECG diagnosis, monitoring guidance, surgical guidance and distance education will be carried out. Strengthen the connection of the province’s telemedicine network with other provinces, international academic institutions and well-known foreign medical institutions, and develop inter-provincial and international telemedicine. (Responsible for the Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, with the cooperation of the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Department of Finance and the Department of Human Resources and Social Security)
　　Construction of regional pathology, imaging, ECG diagnosis center, further improve the mutual recognition mechanism of inspection results, and realize the interconnection and sharing of inspection results. Formulate telemedicine service prices, medical insurance payment policies and quality management systems to promote the normal operation of telemedicine systems. Promote data resource sharing and business collaboration between high-level hospitals and primary medical and health institutions, general practitioners and specialists. Open up the data channel between health management, disease treatment and rehabilitation, and accelerate the construction of a graded diagnosis and treatment information system based on the Internet and big data technology in accordance with the requirements of "first diagnosis at the grass-roots level, two-way referral, rapid division and treatment, and linkage from top to bottom". (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission and the Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine are responsible, and the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Finance Department and the Human Resources and Social Security Department cooperate)
　　(3) Promote the application of health care education and training. Relying on the national health care education and training network, explore the establishment of internet teaching mode and method, and build an open internet health care education system. Integrate online and offline high-quality online education resources, carry out health care popularization education for the public and carry out vocational continuing education for health care practitioners. Encourage higher-level hospitals to establish remote training networks with counterpart hospitals and graded diagnosis and treatment medical institutions, organize remote surgery teaching, and improve the ability of primary medical and health services. Explore the establishment of a general practitioner training model based on the Internet, expand the scale of general practitioner training, and ensure the quality of general practitioner training. Promote the open sharing of health care education resources. (Responsible for the Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, with the cooperation of the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Education Department, the Finance Department and the Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine)
　　Fifth, improve the health care big data guarantee mechanism

　　(1) Improve laws, regulations and standards. Establish a management system of "graded authorization, classified application and consistent powers and responsibilities", strengthen the standardized management of residents’ health information services, clarify the right to use information, and effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of all parties. Formulate and improve data management, data and information system security and health data privacy protection systems, and clarify the boundaries, responsible subjects and specific requirements of data collection, transmission, storage, use and opening. Strengthen the protection of information related to national interests, public safety, personal privacy, population genes, etc., and prevent data abuse and privacy disclosure. Follow the national information standards and norms, establish a health care information standards and norms system, and promote the standardization of health care big data products and service processes. Strengthen the evaluation of standard application level and improve the standard application level. (Responsible for the Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, with the cooperation of the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Quality Supervision Bureau, the Legislative Affairs Office and the Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine)
　　(2) Strengthen the security of health care data. Strengthen the classified management of health care data. The implementation of real-name registration system for residents’ health care services and the use of real-name management for health care data. We will build and improve a unified medical digital identity, electronic real-name authentication and data access control information system for medical and health workers and medical and health institutions in the province, actively promote the application of electronic signatures, and establish a health care data management model with traceable service management, safe operation of diagnosis and treatment data and multi-party cooperation. Adhere to both content security and technical security, and ensure that the regional national health information comprehensive management platform, data exchange network and key information systems are independently controllable, stable and safe. Carry out the reliability, controllability and security evaluation of big data platforms and service providers, as well as the security evaluation and risk assessment of applications, and establish software evaluation and security review systems such as security protection, system interconnection and sharing, and citizen privacy protection. Establish and improve the safety working mechanism of "internet plus Health Care" service, strengthen the safety monitoring and early warning of big data, strengthen the linkage between safety information notification and emergency response, improve the measures to resolve and respond to potential risks, strengthen the protection of important information involving national interests, public safety, patient privacy, business secrets and so on, and strengthen the information security protection of medical schools and scientific research institutions. Strengthen information security protection in cross-border exchanges and cooperation and cooperation between government and social capital. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission is responsible, and the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Public Security Department, the Human Resources and Social Security Department, the Intellectual Property Office and the Internet Information Office cooperate)
　　(three) to strengthen the construction of health care information compound talent team. Taking "digital doctors" as the training goal, we will formulate the development plan of health care informatization talents and strengthen the discipline construction of medical informatics. Establish and improve the training system of medical informatics talents, focus on cultivating high-level and compound medical information R&D talents and scientific research teams, and cultivate a group of internationally influential medical professionals, academic leaders and industry leaders. Encourage and support institutions of higher learning, health care institutions, industry associations and health care information enterprises to establish educational practice and training bases, closely follow the development needs of the health care big data industry, carry out continuing education and training, and promote the training and team building of health care big data talents. Smooth the career development channel of medical information talents and expand the development space of medical information talents. Orderly promote talent and technology exchanges and cooperation in the development of big data application in health care. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission is responsible, and the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Education Department, the Finance Department and the Human Resources and Social Security Department cooperate)
　　Sixth, strengthen the organization and implementation

　　(1) Strengthen overall coordination. All localities should establish a working pattern of government leadership, multi-party participation, resource sharing and coordinated promotion. According to the requirements of this implementation opinion, they should put forward the implementation plan of their own regions, clarify specific tasks, and ensure that all measures are implemented. The evaluation results such as the construction of comprehensive management platform for national health information, the maturity of interconnection, the quality of health care data, and the application level of electronic medical records in medical institutions are included in the evaluation of deepening the reform of medical and health system in the province and the evaluation of strong health cities. The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission should take the lead in establishing a joint conference system to promote and standardize the application and development of big data in health care, strengthen the overall coordination of research and development, new format construction and application promotion of big data technology in health care in the province, and promote the implementation of key tasks. All relevant units should closely cooperate and form a joint force to strengthen support for the development of big data applications in health care. Promote the integrated development of military and civilian health care big data, and promote the standardization, interoperability and collaborative application of military and local health care data. (The municipal people’s government and the provincial health and family planning commission are responsible for all localities, and all relevant units cooperate)
　　(2) Focus on key breakthroughs. All localities should focus on solving the problem of big data application infrastructure construction, accelerate the construction of a comprehensive management platform for national health information at the city and county levels, and accelerate the progress of information system transformation and upgrading of medical and health institutions. Starting from the areas urgently needed by the masses, we will implement the health care big data demonstration project, focusing on promoting the application of big data such as health care, industry governance, clinical medical care and scientific research, public health and traditional Chinese medicine in internet plus. Vigorously support the introduction, digestion, absorption and re-innovation of advanced technologies of health care big data, and focus on developing the health care big data industry chain. Select a number of areas and fields with good basic conditions, high work enthusiasm and guaranteed privacy and security to carry out the pilot application of big data in health care, sum up experience in a timely manner, and make solid and orderly progress. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission and the Finance Department are responsible, and the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission and the Science and Technology Department cooperate)
　　(3) Increase policy support. Promote the use of government and social capital cooperation (PPP) model to encourage and guide social capital to participate in the infrastructure construction, application development, operation and maintenance services and industrial chain construction of health care big data. Encourage medical and health institutions to cooperate with enterprises, institutions and social institutions, and explore ways to achieve the integration of government applications and social applications in the field of health care big data through government procurement and social crowdsourcing. Encourage innovative diversified investment mechanisms, improve risk prevention and supervision systems, and support the development of health care big data applications. Support qualified health care big data enterprises to go public for financing or issue corporate bonds, connect with multi-level capital markets, and use various financing tools for financing. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission and the Finance Department are responsible, and the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Science and Technology Department, the Finance Office and the Guangdong Securities Regulatory Bureau cooperate)
　　(4) Strengthen policy propaganda. Strengthen the interpretation of health care big data application development policies, vigorously publicize the significance and application prospects of application development, actively respond to social concerns, and form a good social atmosphere. Actively guide medical and health institutions and social forces to carry out various forms of popular science activities, publicize and popularize the application knowledge of big data in health care, and continuously improve the people’s ability to master relevant applications and health literacy. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission is responsible and all relevant units cooperate)

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General Office of Guangdong Provincial People’s Government

February 8, 2017

　　Our reporter Gu Mengxuan Xia Xin reports from Guangzhou and Beijing.　

　　Recently, the international gold price hit a record high and was quickly sold off, causing a sharp drop. The price of gold denominated in RMB has also fluctuated greatly, which has aroused widespread concern in the market.　

　　On December 4th, the price of gold futures in new york market once rushed to the $2,150 mark per ounce, with an intraday increase of over 3%, setting a record high. Subsequently, the price of gold quickly fell back, and as of the 7 th, the cumulative correction per ounce exceeded $100.　

　　Affected by this, the gold Au99.99 listed on the Shanghai Gold Exchange fell back after it surged to 487 yuan per gram on the 4th, and the retail price of some domestic brands of gold jewelry stood at the high level of 630 yuan per gram and then fell back to about 615 yuan per gram on the 7th.　

　　According to Wind data, on December 15th, the New York Mercantile Exchange gold futures price was reported at 2018.3 USD/oz; As of press time, the gold Au99.99 listed on the Shanghai Gold Exchange is 472.99 yuan per gram.　

　　Welcome to a loose inflection point　

　　Regarding the correction of gold price, Wang Xiang, fund manager of Bosera Fund Index and Quantitative Investment Department, pointed out that the Fed’s interest rate hike cycle tends to end, which will usher in a loose turning point. Gold benefits from the downward logic of liquidity easing and real interest rate. Historically, similar policy nodes have strong price support power. However, there is a profit-taking impulse near the historical high point, and the net long position of short-term COMEX futures fund is too fast, so there is a need for adjustment.　

　　At 3: 00 am on December 14th, Beijing time, the Federal Reserve issued the statement of the FOMC meeting in December 2023 (the Federal Reserve’s meeting on interest rates), and once again announced the suspension of interest rate hikes.　

　　According to the data provided by Bosera Fund, inflation expectations in the United States have dropped significantly. In December, the consumer confidence index of the University of Michigan rose to 69.4, with an expectation of 62. The inflation expectation dropped significantly, with the one-year inflation expectation dropping from 4.5% to 3.1% and the five-to ten-year inflation expectation dropping from 3.2% to 2.8%. "This combination is not good for precious metals." Wang Xiang said.　

　　As for the rise in the price of gold in the early stage, Bi Mengyu, an investment researcher at Geshang Caifu Jinyu, pointed out that gold, as a non-interest-bearing physical asset, often ushered in rising opportunities when other assets had poor returns.　

　　First of all, from an economic point of view, the global economy is currently in recession. In view of the worries about the economic downturn and the stock market decline, driven by risk aversion, investors are more willing to buy gold to avoid risks, leading to the rise of gold prices. In November, the global manufacturing PMI (Purchasing Managers Index) was 49.3, the US manufacturing PMI was 46.7, and the Eurozone manufacturing PMI was 44.3, all of which were below threshold, reflecting the overall global economic downturn.　

　　Secondly, last week, the ADP data in the United States (an economic indicator commonly used to measure the job market) failed to meet expectations. The market speculated that the Federal Reserve would not raise interest rates in December, that is, the nominal interest rate showed a downward trend with a high probability, which made the price of gold rise again.　

　　Finally, global central banks continue to purchase gold, and the demand for gold purchase by global central banks will remain strong in 2023, which supports the upward trend of the overall price of gold.　

　　"The adjustment of gold this week was mainly due to the rising interest rate of the US dollar index and US debt after the US non-farm payrolls data exceeded expectations, and coupled with the’ hawkish’ signal released by the Federal Reserve Chairman, the price of gold fluctuated downward." Bi Mengyu said.　

　　The annualized compound yield of gold is 7%　

　　The reporter noted that in August this year, the trend of domestic and international gold prices deviated greatly. In recent months, has the excessive price difference between the internal and external markets of gold prices been corrected?　

　　Wang Xiang pointed out that in September this year, the price difference between domestic and foreign countries was the highest, 30 yuan+/gram, and at present, the price difference has largely converged to 7 yuan/gram, but it is still far from the historical 95% confidence fluctuation range of 1.2~1.8 yuan/gram. In the process of convergence, the performance of domestic gold price will be worse than that of dollar gold.　

　　Bi Mengxuan pointed out that the international gold price and the domestic gold price are basically in a positive correlation, but due to the influence of pricing system, rate and time lag, they may deviate in the short term, and the domestic gold price fluctuation is often lagging behind. After several months of adjustment, the international and domestic gold prices have basically converged.　

　　Central banks around the world have also shown sustained enthusiasm for buying gold. According to the data of the World Gold Council, in 2023, the global central bank’s demand for gold purchases remained strong, reaching 387 tons in the first half of the year, a record high in the same period; In the first three quarters, the amount of gold purchased reached a record 800 tons, a year-on-year increase of 14%. At the same time, the data released by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange showed that at the end of November, the gold of the Bank of China had increased for the 13th consecutive month.　

　　In this regard, Bi Mengyu pointed out that the central bank’s allocation of gold mainly considers security, liquidity and return. First of all, gold is regarded as a safe asset and a value-preserving asset by the central bank, because it is more stable in the face of credit risks than other assets such as national debt; Secondly, gold has strong liquidity, and the central bank can quickly enter the market without distorting the price; Finally, although the return is not the main motivation for the central bank to buy gold, the annualized compound rate of return of gold has been around 7% in the past few decades, providing investors with relatively considerable returns.　

　　"The proportion of gold in China’s foreign exchange reserves is still low. Although it has been continuously increased, the current proportion is still less than 6%, which is still far from the proportion of more than 40% in European and American countries." Wang Xiang said that increasing the proportion of gold in foreign exchange reserves will help to diversify the reserve structure and maintain the stability of local currency and asset prices during the contraction cycle of the US dollar.　

　　Rational investment by investors　

　　Regarding the future market of gold assets, Nuoan Fund pointed out that due to the issuance of bonds by the US Treasury, the reduction of US debt holdings by the Federal Reserve and the current strong economic expectations, it is expected that the long-term yield of US debt will remain high, and short-term gold will still be suppressed by interest rates and the US dollar index. However, we expect that the signs of economic slowdown in the United States may be more obvious in the first half of 2024, and high interest rates and recent geopolitical risks may increase the volatility of financial markets compared with the previous period. The logic of gold investment gradually shifts from short-term safe-haven demand to medium-and long-term Fed interest rate cuts. Recently, the market expects the Fed to cut interest rates, which has significantly boosted the price of gold, or it is expected to change more by pricing. It is suggested that investors should actively pay attention to the trend of gold price and consider the proportion of gold allocation to grasp the investment opportunity of gold.　

　　Wang Xiang said that whether inflation converges smoothly, leading European and American monetary policies to shift to liquidity logic, or inflation rises again due to unexpected events, taking stagflation logic, different macro paths are beneficial to the gold margin, making it still one of the assets with high certainty, and the only difference is the difference in odds. Next year is an election year for many economies, and the intensity of geo-game may remain at a high level, which is also conducive to the rise of the price center. The upward target of USD gold is USD 2,200 ~ 2,400, which is about 515~550 yuan/g in China.　

　　"It is normal for the regional fluctuation of gold prices to increase near historical highs. Investors should neither be overly enthusiastic in the overbought state of the market, nor completely lose confidence after their breakthrough failure." Wang Xiang pointed out that in the medium and long term, the easing of the Federal Reserve and the weakening of the US dollar will remain a high probability path next year. With many economies entering the election year, the intensity of geo-game will remain at a high level. After the short-term selling sentiment is released, gold will return to its long-term upward path again.

The Paper Liu Zhengtu

Today, I want to share with you some reform stories that happened from the late 1970s to the mid-1990s. I called it the age of passion and romance. Many important reforms took place in that era. Although I personally experienced that era, I didn’t participate in much discussion about reform, especially in the 1980s. But ten years ago, in order to commemorate the 30th anniversary of reform and opening-up, I spent my summer vacation in Canada and wrote a book, from which I sorted out a lot of materials of that era and found it really wonderful. Today, with memories and some precious pictures, let’s walk into that passionate time and see how many important reforms started and how they were promoted.

I have always said that in the past 40 years, the most romantic and wonderful chapter of reform took place in the 1980s. Many economists tend to regard 1993 as a watershed in China’s reform and opening up. In November 1993, we convened the Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee, and adopted a decision on establishing a socialist market economic system. Because of this decision, the reform before and after 1993 was very different in style, and the reform after that was accelerated. In a few short years from 1994 to the end of 1990s, the major reforms needed to build a socialist market economic system have been basically completed. Most of the subsequent reforms are secondary or technical. It can probably be said that the decisive reform was completed when the old man Deng Xiaoping was alive.

Then, I’ll start from 1994.

1994 Jinglun Conference: Establishing Modern Company System

Professor Oliver hart, a famous American economist.

First, let me show you a photo, Professor Oliver hart. He is the winner of the 2016 Nobel Prize in Economics, a professor of economics at Harvard University in the United States, and once served as the head of the Department of Economics at Harvard University. He came to China in 1994 and attended an important meeting-Jinglun Meeting.

Jinglun Hotel, a famous Japanese hotel next to Beijing International Trade Center.

At that time, many famous economists attended the 1994 Beijing-Lund Conference. Oliver hart was one of them, including two other Nobel Prize winners in economics at the University of Chicago.

In 1994, the Jinglun Conference was held.

On August 23-26, 1994, the State Economic and Trade Commission and the research group of "Overall Design of China’s Economic System Reform" and "Comprehensive Analysis and Reform Design of China’s Tax System and Public Finance" jointly held an international seminar on "The Next Reform of China’s Economic System" in Beijing Jinglun Hotel. Some people think that it initiated the spread of the latest development of microeconomics in China, and introduced the reform into the deep research of microeconomic foundation, which is called "Jinglun Conference".

Along with Oliver hart, he came to China to attend the Jinglun Conference, and a very famous professor was Professor Aoki Masahiko.

Professor Aoki Masahiko, a famous Japanese economist, passed away in 2015 and was a professor of economics at Stanford University.

The "Jinglun Meeting" was actually discussing how to reform the state-owned enterprises in China, and when the meeting was held, the state-owned enterprises were facing a huge challenge-the debt problem. At that time, the debt problem of state-owned enterprises was the most puzzling problem for their development.

The topics of the meeting mainly include, how to reorganize state-owned enterprises? How to restructure the debts of state-owned enterprises? How to reorganize state-owned enterprises? At the "Jinglun Conference", Professor Oliver hart and Professor Aoki Masahiko made many valuable analyses and suggestions in these aspects.

Professor Oliver hart is a scholar who studies enterprise contracts, so he has a lot of ideas about it, and these ideas have actually influenced the reform of state-owned enterprises in China. In the later period, our methods of restructuring state-owned enterprises and restructuring the debts of state-owned enterprises, including the establishment of four state-owned asset management companies to solve the debt problems of state-owned enterprises, were all influenced by the topics discussed at the "Beijing-Lun Meeting".

Professor Aoki Masahiko put forward a very important concept at the Jinglun Conference: Insider Control)[ Editor’s Note: Insider control refers to the phenomenon that the operator controls the company under the premise of the separation of ownership and management right (control right) in modern enterprises, which is caused by the inconsistency of interests between the owner and the operator]. This concept has a great influence on our domestic economists. State-owned enterprises are prone to the phenomenon of "insider control". In other words, outsiders can’t help them solve the problem of "insider control", so state-owned enterprises must be reorganized. Including many of our current concepts on the reform of state-owned enterprises, such as "establishing a modern enterprise system" and "establishing current corporate governance", did not exist before 1994. It was not until the "Beijing-Lund Conference" that the decision on the reform and reorganization of state-owned enterprises became a consensus idea of change, and it was written into the relevant important documents of the central government many times.

The "Jinglun Meeting" was held to implement the spirit of the decision of the Third Plenary Session of the 14th Central Committee on establishing a socialist market economic system, because in this decision, changing the operating mechanism of state-owned enterprises and establishing a governance mode that is compatible with the market economy became the core issue.

The Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee was held in November 1993, which was the first time that the concept of "market economy" was clearly put forward after the reform in 1978. It has been 15 years since the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978. The decision of the Third Plenary Session of the Twelfth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in 1984 only mentioned "commodity economy" and failed to put forward "market economy". Although we say that the reform and opening up began in 1978, in fact, the Third Plenary Session of the 14th Central Committee in 1993 first proposed to establish a socialist market economy.

For our reform in the past 40 years, the Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee was a watershed. Because we admit that the purpose of our reform is to establish a socialist market economy, the reform has been accelerated after that. I have generally reviewed that in the four to five years after 1994, we have basically finalized the important reforms needed to establish a market economy system, such as fiscal tax-sharing reform, price liberalization, urban housing system reform, the introduction of commercial banking law, the merger reform of foreign exchange system and exchange rate, the strategic restructuring of state-owned economy and corporate governance reform in 1995, and the "grasping the big and letting the small" of state-owned enterprises in 1997.

In the past, we always said that China’s economic reform was gradual, crossing the river by feeling the stones and taking two steps back, but after the Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee in 1993, China’s economic reform became quite radical.

Deng Xiaoping’s speech in South China in 1992: China’s reform suddenly accelerated.

Before the Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee in 1993, there were controversies and differences on the ideological and theoretical levels in all aspects of reform. There are not only arguments between ideological circles and intellectuals and economists, but also arguments and differences of opinion within the party. It is the checks and balances produced by these open and closed debates that make the reform in the 1980s relatively cautious and slow.

However, in the 1990s, especially after Deng Xiaoping delivered a speech on the South in 1992, the ideological and political environment within the Party changed, and these arguments and differences still exist, but the reform has been ahead of the arguments. This is attributed to Mr. Deng Xiaoping’s "Southern Speech" in 1992, which promoted the market-oriented reform, and he did not advocate endless arguments, because that would delay the timing of reform. Deng Xiaoping once said during his southern tour in 1992 that "it is my invention not to argue".

The textbook The Chinese Economy, published by Professor Barry Norton of the University of California, San Diego, also tells the process and stages of China’s economic system reform. There is a similar statement in his book. He thinks that after 1993 and 1994, the process of reform in China suddenly accelerated.

This is obviously that the word "market economy" has opened the door for reform. At the Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee, the words "building a socialist market economy" were written into the decision, and Deng Xiaoping’s talk in the south played a very important role in promoting it.

Deng Xiaoping was in Wuchang, Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Shanghai from January 18 to 21, 1992.

Deng Xiaoping felt that his thoughts should be more emancipated and the pace of reform should be greater. Deng Xiaoping’s southern speech declared to the world: We should be more open, our reform will not go backwards, and our reform pace will only be faster. "

1990 Chinese New Year in Deng Xiaoping and Shanghai: Pudong will catch up later.

Deng Xiaoping came to Shanghai for the Spring Festival for five consecutive years from 1988 to 1992. I didn’t come in 1993, but I came to Shanghai for the Spring Festival in 1994. After 1994, he did not appear in public until his death in 1997.

During the Spring Festival in 1990, Deng Xiaoping told the leaders of Zhu Rongji and other cities that I made a mistake. At that time, Shanghai was not added to the four special zones. Shanghai is our trump card. It can be seen that Deng Xiaoping speaks highly of Shanghai and Shanghainese. He thinks that the development of Pudong in Shanghai is a bit late, but he also says that Shanghainese are smart and can certainly catch up. This was a conversation with Zhu Rongji at the end of January, 1990. After the Spring Festival, he returned to Beijing and told the central leaders that although I am retired now, I have one thing to ask you, that is, the development of Shanghai Pudong.

Under the impetus of Deng Xiaoping, the Central Committee immediately held a meeting on April 10th, 1990, and adopted a decision on the development of Pudong. On April 18th, 1990, then Premier Li Peng came to Shanghai to announce the development of Pudong.

Facts have proved that although the development of Pudong is later than that of the four special zones, after 28 years of development, Pudong has achieved great development achievements and achieved great success. The GDP of Pudong was 6 billion 28 years ago, and now it is 1 trillion. Shanghai’s GDP3 is 3 trillion, and Pudong accounts for 1/3.

In 1991, Deng Xiaoping came to Shanghai for the New Year. He said to the leaders at that time: "It is both a bad thing and a good thing to develop late. You can learn from the experience of Guangdong. " It can be seen that he has always been very concerned about Pudong.

The conception of special economic zones in 1979: a chain reaction triggered by an investigation report

Four special zones in Guangdong and Fujian were developed earlier than Pudong. However, Shekou in Shenzhen was developed earlier than Shenzhen Special Economic Zone.

In April, 1978, the Ministry of Foreign Trade and the State Planning Commission sent a delegation to Hong Kong and Macao. After returning, the delegation wrote a report, which suggested that we should dock with Hong Kong and Macao in two places near Hong Kong and Macao and try to do some export processing business. At that time, I chose two places: Zhuhai near Macau and Baoan County near Hong Kong, which is now Shenzhen. Later, this report was distributed to all the participants at the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee as a meeting material. This report is very important, and it is this report that triggered the idea of Shekou Industrial Zone and later Special Economic Zone.

Comments on Li Xiannian’s Investigation Report to Hong Kong and Macao.

Reading the biography of Yuan Geng (editor’s note: former Party Secretary of Shekou Industrial Zone), we can see his ups and downs life. Kang Sheng persecuted him and went to prison, but after he came out, he arranged a job in Hongkong’s China Merchants Bureau through Ye Fei’s relationship. When Yuan Geng died a few years ago, someone commented on him: "Without Yuan Geng, there would be no Shenzhen now." In fact, Yuan Geng is an advocate of Shekou Industrial Development Zone. At that time, he advocated the establishment of Shekou Industrial Development Zone, which was stimulated by the investigation report of Hong Kong and Macao. At that time, he said, "Why can’t we build a freight terminal in Shekou? He calculated the cost of the industrial zone. He said that the cost of Shekou is very different from that of Hong Kong. If there is a Shekou industrial zone, goods from Hong Kong can be placed at the dock in Shekou, because the rent in Shekou is relatively low.

Cover of Yuan Geng’s memoirs

Under his active promotion, Guangdong established Shekou Industrial Zone near Hong Kong. Shekou Industrial Zone is earlier than Shenzhen, Shenzhen Special Zone was formally established in 1980, and Shekou Industrial Zone was established in 1979.

The economic investigation report of Hong Kong and Macao actually triggered a series of events: Yuan Geng proposed the establishment of Shekou Industrial Zone, and Guangdong Provincial Party Committee Secretaries Xi Zhongxun and Wu Nansheng (Editor’s Note: Wu Nansheng, the first Party Secretary of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone) proposed to the central authorities to establish an export processing zone in Shantou (at first, their idea was to establish an export processing zone in Shantou. Why are you in Shantou? They quoted the classics as saying that Engels mentioned Shantou in his book. At the same time, Fujian also proposed to establish a special economic zone.

As a result of discussion in the Central Committee, everyone agreed in principle to establish a special zone. The key issues are the size of the special zone and the name of the area.

What’s the name of the special zone? At first, it was called export processing zone. Some people objected that "Taiwan Province has export processing zones, but we can’t have them." Finally, let Deng Xiaoping decide. Deng Xiaoping said: It can be called a special zone, and Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia is a special zone.

What is the area of the special zone? More than 300 square kilometers? The SAR Office of Guangdong Province thinks that this area is too large, and metaphorically says that "the special zones in the world are not as big as more than 300 square kilometers". Some people object: "This special zone is too big. Do you want a bigger special zone than the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Special Zone?" Some people even said, "It’s boundless." The sentence "infinitely big" was very serious at that time. It can be seen that many people are opposed to the establishment of a special zone with such a large area. In the end, the Central Committee decided to build a special zone, which is called a special economic zone, on the advice of Deng Xiaoping, and the Shenzhen Special Zone covers an area of 327 square kilometers.

In 1979, the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone was not established, but there was a local special economic zone regulation in Guangdong Province-Guangdong Special Economic Zone Regulation. After Guangdong reported to the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress passed this regulation on August 26th, 1980, which was the first local regulation in China history to be discussed and passed in the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC). This historic regulation was aimed at the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone. So August 26th is the day when Shenzhen was founded, and it is also the day when Shenzhen Special Economic Zone was founded.

However, since its inception, Shenzhen has been facing the debate of "whether it is surnamed Zi or surnamed She".

The establishment of the special zone in 1980 was aimed at introducing foreign capital, so it would certainly lead to an ideological debate at that time. The practice of establishing the special zone would definitely conflict with the Marxist classical writers and the ideology of our ancestors, so we kept arguing.

In the situation that Shenzhen has just been established for one year, the central government has been somewhat shaken, including the top management, and proposed to make some adjustments in policies. At that time, Wu Nansheng, as the party secretary of Shenzhen, was under great pressure. In 1982 and 1983, there was a big discussion about Shenzhen in China. This discussion is very intense in the ideological circle and within the party. At that time, many people said, "Can you still see the shadow of socialism when you go to Shenzhen?" So at this time, it is even more necessary for Deng Xiaoping to really stand up and endorse Shenzhen, otherwise Shenzhen will face the risk of being shut down.

In January 1984, Deng Xiaoping visited Shenzhen and wrote the famous sentence: The development and experience of Shenzhen proved that our policy of establishing special economic zones was correct.

On January 26, 1984, Deng Xiaoping wrote an inscription for Shenzhen Special Economic Zone: "The development and experience of Shenzhen prove that our policy of establishing special economic zones is correct."

But in February 1985, Hong Kong’s Wide Angle Mirror magazine published an article by a young scholar, Chen Wenhong, "What’s the problem in Shenzhen? 》。 Chen Wenhong visited Shenzhen in 1985, that is, five years after the establishment of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone. He found that in fact, Shenzhen attracted not much foreign investment, but all the mainland capital, and all the mainland provinces had a lot of hot money in Shenzhen. He also calculated that the per capita purchasing power of Shenzhen was several times higher than that of Shanghai and Beijing to prove it.

Because everyone thinks that Shenzhen represents business opportunities and opportunities, you can make a lot of money by investing in Shenzhen. And mainland tourists also go to Shenzhen to buy things, because Shenzhen can buy things from Hong Kong.

Chen Wenhong wrote in the article: Shenzhen Special Economic Zone has not achieved the widely publicized development model of "focusing on industry, focusing on foreign investment and focusing on export". He accused Shenzhen’s prosperity of relying on "importing goods and materials to earn money in the domestic market". Although Chen Wenhong’s argument method has been questioned a lot, there are not a few people who hold similar views with him.

He calculated a simple account. In 1985, the total retail sales in Shenzhen divided by the population in Shenzhen was equal to the purchasing power of Shenzhen per capita. He calculated at that time that the purchasing power of Shenzhen per capita in 1984 was more than 4,000 yuan. At the same time, he calculated the per capita purchasing power of Beijing and Shanghai, which was only over 700 RMB, from which he concluded that the prosperity of Shenzhen depended on the purchasing power of the mainland. Therefore, he concluded that Shenzhen did not achieve the goal set when the SAR was established: it wanted to introduce foreign capital.

So his article once again caused a lot of controversy. Originally, Deng Xiaoping wrote this passage in 1984, so don’t argue any more. However, the article "What’s the Problem in Shenzhen" published by Chen Wenhong in 1985 once again pushed Shenzhen to the forefront and questioned the legitimacy and necessity of the establishment of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone again.

Until 1992, Deng Xiaoping went to Shenzhen to speak in the south. Only then did we see that Shenzhen was indeed developing along the direction envisaged in those years (export processing zone to attract foreign investment). What I saw in the early mid-1980s was that the mainland’s hot money wandered around there. By 1992, this phenomenon had been very rare. Shenzhen has truly become an export-oriented export processing zone.

In any case, Shenzhen is very successful among the four special economic zones. Today’s Shenzhen has become one of the four first-tier cities called "North to Guangzhou and Shenzhen". Now, Shenzhen’s GDP has surpassed that of Guangzhou, and its total GDP has exceeded 2.2 trillion. Now, Shenzhen has become the cradle of hard technology. A large number of entrepreneurs are willing to start a business in Shenzhen.

Now the Luohu port in Shenzhen.

When the escape from Hong Kong was the most serious, Vice Premier Gu Mu stood on the bank of Luohukou, Baoan County, and stood on the port bridge from Luohu to Hong Kong, saying, "I hope that one day, more people from there will come here." Today, the railway bridge at Luohu Port means that more Hong Kong people are going from Hong Kong to Shenzhen. At that time, the goal expected by Vice Premier Gu Mu has been achieved.

In 30 years, since 1980, great changes have really taken place in Shenzhen. I believe that in the late 1990s, the development model of Shenzhen has basically taken shape. Shenzhen has become an open and more market-oriented special economic zone. I believe that Shenzhen is more developed than many cities in the mainland, and Shenzhen’s economic development model is also a very important reason why it can dominate the high-tech industry now.

The Third Plenary Session of the Twelfth Central Committee in 1984: The focus of reform shifted from rural areas to cities.

When people were debating whether Shenzhen was a surname of capital or a surname of society, the Third Plenary Session of the 12th Central Committee was held in 1984, and the Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Economic System Reform was issued. In other words, when Shenzhen is engaged in construction in full swing, the economic system in most parts of our country is still in the era of planned economy.

In October 1984, the Third Plenary Session of the Twelfth Central Committee adopted the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China’s decision on economic system reform. Everyone is very surprised. Didn’t we start reform and opening up in 1978? But in fact, before 1984, our overall reform was in rural areas and agriculture. Only after the promulgation of the Decision on the Reform of the Socialist Economic System in 1984 (hereinafter referred to as the Decision) did the focus of economic reform shift to cities.

Deng Xiaoping spoke highly of this decision, saying that it was innovative to have something that our ancestors had never said. So what did the "Decision" in 1984 say that our ancestors didn’t say? The "commodity economy" was mentioned for the first time. At that time, we dared not mention the socialist market economy at all. In the Decision, we established that the goal of reform is to establish a socialist commodity economy, not a socialist market economy.

People who study Marxist political economy argue about "what is a commodity" all day. The corresponding product of the commodity. Market economy corresponds to commodity economy at that time, while planned economy corresponds to product economy at that time. Commodity economy is one step closer than product economy. So what is a commodity? It can be used as an exchange. Products cannot be exchanged, and only when they can be used for exchange can they become commodities. So at that time, the socialist commodity economy was written in the "Decision" of the Third Plenary Session of the Twelfth Central Committee. In Deng Xiaoping’s view, it was already something that the ancestors had not said. Perhaps Deng Xiaoping saw that it was not too far away from the market economy.

Therefore, since 1984, the reform in China has really started. Before 1984, the reform was spontaneous. After the "Decision" in 1984, we began to consciously and systematically promote the reform in the city.

However, when the "Decision" was issued, China’s economy experienced serious and growing inflation.

In the era of planned economy, there was no inflation. Because the price is set by the government. But in the era of planned economy, what will happen if demand exceeds supply? There will be people in need who have to wait in line. However, when the "Decision" was promulgated in 1984, in fact, the price was already somewhat loose. The government’s pricing on various items, including means of production and consumer goods, has begun to loosen. In other words, some phenomena that partially reflect the relationship between supply and demand have begun to appear in the market. As a result, inflation was out of control, and this phenomenon continued intermittently until 1987, which was slightly controlled in 1987 and rebounded in 1988. Therefore, when we issued the Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Economic System Reform, China’s economy has undergone a very interesting change. It is no longer a completely classic planned economy, and many factors of market exchange have begun to appear, which has pushed up the price.

In the mid-1980s, an East German economist visited Beijing. After listening to many introductions about China’s economic system reform, he said: "I think China’s reforms are all micro-reforms, and there is no macro-reform." He hinted that China did not pay attention to macro-stability in micro-reform.

As you can imagine, in the era of planned economy, demand is a serious shortage, demand is suppressed, and demand is a huge energy. Once it is left unchecked, prices will soar in the case of a serious shortage of supply. This explains why the government found that there was no way to control inflation at that time, because the economic policy at that time had no concept of macro-control.

When the Third Plenary Session of the Twelfth Central Committee proposed to promote the reform of urban economic system, we were already faced with the problem of macroeconomic instability. However, at that time, the decision on reform was still only microeconomic reform.

Throughout the 1980s, especially from 1984 to 1988, the most perplexing problem faced by the State Council was how to continue the reform of planned economy in cities when the macro economy was out of control and inflation pressure remained high.

Bashan Wheel Conference in 1985: the Starting Point of Macro-management

From September 2 to 8, 1985, more than 30 Chinese and foreign economists took a cruise ship "Bashan" from Wuhan to Chongqing, and held an "International Symposium on Macroeconomic Management" on the ship, which was later called "Bashan Wheel Conference". The oldest economist in China is Mr. Xue Muqiao, who was 81 years old. The youngest participant was Guo Shuqing, 29, who was still studying in China Academy of Social Sciences.

Group photo of all participants in Bashan Wheel Conference.

The importance of Bashan Round Meeting lies in that it made our reformers and economists understand the importance of macro-stability and macro-demand management for the first time, and also helped us better understand the importance of supporting reforms.

The Bashan Round Meeting was jointly organized by china society of economic reform, China Academy of Social Sciences and the World Bank. A total of seven or eight topics were discussed. The most important topic was: Why did inflation occur during the economic system reform? How to control inflation? What conditions does the reform need? How will macroeconomic imbalance affect reform? In what way should the reform be promoted?

James Tobin, the winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1981, and Janos Kornai, a Hungarian economist, were invited to this meeting. There are also economists from Britain and Japan.

The picture on the left shows James Tobin, winner of the 1981 Nobel Prize in Economics, and the picture on the right shows Janos Kornai, a Hungarian economist.

At the meeting, james tobin explained why inflation appeared in the process of reform, because wages in China rose too fast. He pointed out that since the rate of price increase is equal to the nominal wage rate minus the labor productivity, if the labor productivity increases, the wages will rise with it, which will not lead to price increase. However, if the rising rate of labor productivity is lower than that of nominal wages, and wages are artificially high, then prices will definitely rise.

In view of the pressure of the expansion of consumer funds and rising wages faced by China at that time, he even suggested that this formula (price increase rate = nominal wage rate-labor productivity) should be written down and put in the office of every state-owned enterprise manager and president of state-owned bank, so that they can always bear in mind that nominal wages should follow labor productivity.

Colne had experienced partial economic reforms in Hungary, which made his speech focus on the more basic reform mode. That is to say, there will be several ways to transition from planned economy to market economy, which is more feasible. His analysis has a great influence on China economists. His book "Shortage Economics" made him famous in China.

The picture shows a group photo of four economists attending the Bashan Wheel Conference.Among them are famous economists Xue Muqiao (first from left, former Secretary-General of the Finance and Economics Committee of the State Council and Director of the Bureau of Private Enterprises, Director of the National Bureau of Statistics, Director of the National Price Committee, and Director-General of the the State Council Economic Research Center), Ma Hong (second from left, former President of the China Policy Science Research Association) and Wu Jinglian (first from right, famous economist, researcher of the the State Council Development Research Center, and a leading economist in China).

"Moganshan Conference" in 1984: Price Double Track Transition?

The emergence of inflation led to the Bashan Wheel Conference in 1985. However, the price increase is not only the product of price reform, but also affects the process of price reform in turn. In the early stage of reform, how should the price reform be promoted? How can we minimize the impact of price reform on the interests of all aspects of society? This is the most basic reform problem after the central government decided to shift the focus of reform from rural areas to cities in 1984.

But in fact, just two months before the Third Plenary Session of the Twelfth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China made a decision on economic system reform, that is, in September 1984, a meeting of young economists was held in Moganshan, Zhejiang Province, which was called "Moganshan Meeting" in history, and its full name was "Academic Seminar for Young and Middle-aged Economic Scientists". The conference was aimed at national essay writing, and received 1,300 contributions. Among them, 120 were selected and divided into seven groups. They stayed up all night to discuss the reform plan of how to transition from planned economy to market economy. It is said that the most heated discussion and debate is the price group. As time goes by, the Moganshan Conference is also famous all over the world because of the debate on price reform.

The meeting not only attracted young economists from all over the country to participate enthusiastically, but also the leaders of Zhejiang Province at that time gave speeches. Zhang Jinfu, the central leader from Beijing, went to Hangzhou specially to listen to the summary report of the Moganshan meeting, and the person who reported to Zhang Jinfu was Watson.

Zhang Jinfu, former member of the Standing Committee of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Advisory Committee and former State Councilor.

As a result, more than 20 years later, there was a famous debate between Watson and Zhang Weiying who also attended the Moganshan Conference, a debate about the right of invention, that is, who put forward the reform plan of the dual-track system price at the Moganshan Conference.

Zhang Weiying was a graduate student at Northwest University. Zhang Weiying said that this was his first time to fly from Xi ‘an to Hangzhou. This meeting is really the first time for many people.

This is a heated debate. Because I was writing that book about reform and opening up at that time, which was going to write "the reform of the two-track price system", both sides came to me to provide me with information. I remember one night when I was asleep, Zhang Weiying called me from Hong Kong. He seemed to be visiting the Chinese University of Hong Kong. He said, "Because you wrote this book, I’m going to copy a lot of original materials and send them." It’s very difficult for me to write this history, because I didn’t attend this meeting. I can only look at the memories of many people. At that time, there were many people involved in the discussion in the price group, some of whom later wrote reminiscence articles, and some participated in the debate between Watson and Zhang Weiying.

Zhang Weiying, co-founder of National Development Research Institute of Peking University (formerly China Economic Research Center of Peking University).

According to the information I have, the idea of price dual-track reform once appeared in Zhang Weiying’s article when he was studying at Northwest University, but it was not put forward at Moganshan Conference. According to the information provided by many people, at the Moganshan meeting, Zhang Weiying advocated "liberalizing the price", that is, "releasing the faction", while another faction, called "dispatching", advocated "adjusting the price and gradually reaching the designated position" instead of "liberalizing the price and reaching the designated position at one time". Watson seems to be a comprehensive school, that is, "the combination of adjustment and release", which is also a plan clearly suggested in the price report based on discussion. I guess that when Watson reports to Zhang Jinfu, he may report according to the idea of dual-track system.

Although the word "dual-track system" became the idea of price reform at the Moganshan meeting later, the word "dual-track system" was not invented by someone. Earlier, in 1982 and 1983, some important means of production, such as coal, had a double-track price phenomenon, otherwise there would be no inflation in China’s economy at that time. In other words, before the Moganshan Conference, the phenomenon of "price dual-track system" already existed.

However, the phenomenon of double-track price has really attracted the attention of economists, and many economists think that the double-track price system may be a feasible reform idea. After all, the risk of price liberalization at one time is too great, so it sounds reasonable to slowly adjust the planned price, and at the same time allow more excess output to be priced according to the relationship between supply and demand outside the plan, and gradually move towards the market price.

However, during the transition period, the dual-track price system means that "planned price" and "unplanned price" coexist. As you can imagine, according to such a dual-track reform, there will inevitably be a phenomenon of cross-track. Because the market price is high and the planned price is low, someone will definitely find a way to transfer the planned quota to the market, and there will be so-called collusion.

In 1985, a phenomenon appeared in China’s economy, which was called official defection, that is, the quota of official reselling plan. If you have connections, you go to the central ministries and commissions to approve a note, and you go to a steel factory to get 100 tons of steel at the planned price. Then, you buy a batch of steel at a low price with this note, and then sell it in the market at a market price higher than the planned price, and you gain huge benefits in the middle. In other words, connections and cops can bring you huge income. For a time, officials have become a corruption phenomenon that we are facing, and it has spread rapidly.

1986: the contest of reform plan

As a transitional way from planned price to market price, when many people discuss the advantages of the dual-track price system, economists such as Wu Jinglian oppose the idea of the dual-track price system. They are opposed to moving closer to the market price through the two-track method. They advocate "a basket of reforms". They believe that many factors in the economic system reform are interrelated, and you can’t just do part of the marketization. If you only do part of the market, it will definitely bring market chaos. At that time, an economic reform design office was established in the State Council, where the economists of the overall reformists were located.

They believe that this method of dual-track system not only leads to inflation, but also leads to corruption, official defection and rent-seeking. At that time, Professor Wu Jinglian and his research team wrote a lot of reports to the Central Committee, and convicted the two-track pricing system of eight crimes.

In the report, the "overall reformists" advocated that "a basket of reforms" should be promoted. In 1986, they submitted a report on the overall reform to the Central Committee, and then the State Council also held a meeting, which was also passed by the Central Committee. Regrettably, two months later, the "reform package" was shelved, so Wu Lao (Wu Jinglian) was deeply concerned about this matter. Wu Lao also mentioned this in his textbook Contemporary Economic Reform in China. Originally, the State Council planned to carry out reform according to this plan, but why did it go back on its word and give up later? I think, at that time, under the macroeconomic background of serious inflation, the "basket reform" plan was too risky. The State Council decided to suspend this reform plan, and instead decided to start the reform of enterprise ownership.

The picture shows the main representatives of the "overall reformist". From the right are: Zhou Xiaochuan (former governor of the People’s Bank of China), Li Jiange (chairman of China International Finance Corporation and former deputy director of the State Council Development Research Center), Lou Jiwei (former minister of finance and former deputy director of the State Council Development Research Center), Wu Jinglian (famous economist and researcher of the State Council Development Research Center), Wu Xiaoling (former vice president of the People’s Bank of China and former director of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange), Guo Shuqing (currently chairman of the Insurance Regulatory Commission of the Bank of China,

From 1984 to 1987, faced with severe inflation, policymakers dared not take risks, and finally decided to shift the focus of reform to enterprise reform, and carry out contract system and joint-stock system reform of state-owned enterprises.

The ownership reform of state-owned enterprises is obviously the direct result after the "basket reform" scheme was shelved, and then the debate turned to enterprise reform. At that time, an economist had been calling for enterprise reform. He has a famous saying that "if China’s economic reform fails, it must be because of price reform;" If it succeeds, it must be because of enterprise reform. " This man is Professor Li Yining from Peking University. Therefore, Li Yining also has a nickname called Li Shares. Because Li Yining advocated that state-owned enterprises should carry out ownership reform and implement joint-stock system.

At that time, the central government gave up the plan of "overall reform" of the economic system represented by Wu Jinglian, and turned to enterprise reform, which virtually supported the plan of joint-stock reform of state-owned enterprises in Li Yining. At that time, I saw a sentence in the article introducing Wu Lao on the China Academic Information Network, saying that he proposed many plans to the government, which were proved to be correct afterwards, but they were often not adopted by the central authorities. I think the most important scheme that has not been adopted is the "overall reform theory" and the later "price breakthrough" scheme.

wu jinglian(Left)And Li Yining.(right)　Both of them are famous economists and leading economists in China.

Wu Lao and Li Lao were born in the same month and studied in the same middle school. But for quite a long time from the late 1980s, the two of them didn’t face each other. Until 2008, when Peking University commemorated the 30th anniversary of China’s economic reform and opening-up, they were invited to participate in the commemorative activities together, and finally attended the ceremony on the same stage, face to face. Li Yining and Wu Jinglian are two representative economists who have made great contributions to the economic reform in China.

In the era of reform in the last century, economists participated in the process of reform in various ways. Everyone can say, "There is my contribution" and "There is my suggestion". Today, this phenomenon is almost impossible. That era was really romantic.

December 1978 Xiaogang Village’s "Fixed-output Household": Bottom-up Agricultural Reform

When it comes to agricultural reform, we should mention Xiaogang Village in Fengyang, Anhui Province, and Wan Li, the former chairman of the National People’s Congress.

When Wan Li was in charge of Anhui Province, a historic event happened in Xiaogang Village, Anhui Province. Eighteen farmers spontaneously carried out the secret action of "fixing production quotas to households" and made this famous contract. This is the winter of 1978.

The picture shows the written contract made by 18 villagers in Xiaogang Village in December, 1978 for the secret "production contract". There are 22 people on this list, including their wives and 18 people with fingerprints. Because it is stipulated in this agreement that if someone has an accident, others will raise their children until they are 18 years old, so this contract requires their wives to be present. The original handprint is kept in the Chinese History Museum, and a copy is kept in the museum in Xiaogang Village.

In November 1978, the 18 villagers in Xiaogang Village secretly discussed in Yan’s family that they would "fix the production quota to each household" and distribute the land to each family. It is risky to do this, and if it is leaked, it will lead to decapitation, so they pressed their handprints and promised to raise their children until they are 18 years old. This is a very tragic thing.

It is said that Wan Li, who was in charge of Anhui Province, knew about this matter, and Wan Li secretly sent people to Xiaogang Village to learn about the situation. Because the 18 farmers in Xiaogang Village worked for a year, the village next to them found that the village had an unexpected harvest, so they found that they secretly distributed the land to their families, so someone reported it to them. We can reasonably speculate that Wan Li knew about it at that time. However, Wan Li wisely called Deng Xiaoping to ask what to do. It is said that Deng Xiaoping’s reply was very simple, and he just did not say anything.

Wan Li thought that what Xiaogang Village did spontaneously was the right way, so he wrote a report to the Central Committee and got the support of Deng Xiaoping. Then, he wrote a report to the State Agriculture Committee and the Ministry of Agriculture, suggesting that the "household contract responsibility system" should be fully implemented, but the Ministry of Agriculture was very conservative. Wan Li was so upset. In 1980, Wan Li went to work in the Central Committee and served as the Deputy Prime Minister, in charge of agriculture. After working in the Central Committee for one year, starting from 1981, he proposed a comprehensive rectification of the Ministry of Agriculture to eliminate resistance.

During the discussion in the Central Committee, Wan Li and Hu Yaobang reached a consensus, advocating the promotion of "fixing production quotas to households" throughout the country. However, the resistance was particularly great, and there were great differences of opinion among the central decision-makers. The final decision was a compromise. The household contract responsibility system was implemented in different regions, not in developed regions, but only in particularly poor places, and everything in between also depends on the situation. Therefore, we can think that the household contract responsibility system was implemented "conditionally" at that time. However, Wan Li still thinks that farmers are eager to distribute their fields to their families.

At this time, Hu Yaobang stood on Wan Li’s side and gave Wan Li a lot of support. Despite great resistance, Wan Li and Hu Yaobang are still planning to draft a document to promote the household responsibility contract system.

In any case, Hu Yaobang and Wan Li are still actively promoting the "fixed production quotas" and finally persuaded the old comrades in the Central Committee. This formed the the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China No.1 Document in early 1982 (until now, this tradition continues, and the No.1 document issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China every year must be about agriculture), agreeing to gradually promote the implementation of the household responsibility contract system nationwide.

In 1982, the entity of the people’s commune still existed. A year later, in 1983, the people’s commune was substantially disintegrated and the township government was established. In other words, the people’s commune was completely replaced by the township government in 1983. In fact, it was not completed until the end of 1984. Therefore, when the household contract responsibility system was implemented in 1982, the people’s commune was still there. But without the joint efforts of Hu Yaobang and Wan Li, it is estimated that this matter will drag on for a long time.

Unusual in 1978: the first year of reform

Because this year marks the 40th anniversary of reform and opening up, we must tell more about what happened in 1978. In November 1978, Xiaogang village in Anhui province spontaneously appeared the action of "fixing production to households"; In April 1978, the State Planning Commission and the Ministry of Foreign Trade sent a delegation from Hong Kong and Macao, which finally led to the establishment of Shekou Industrial Zone and the establishment of a dock connecting Hong Kong and Macao, and later further led to the establishment of four special economic zones. What is more worth mentioning is that 1978 was a year of going abroad. In that year, 13 leaders of the Central Committee at or above the deputy national level made 20 overseas inspections.

Where did Deng Xiaoping go in 1978? First, Deng Xiaoping went to Japan in October. He visited Panasonic, and the Japanese used microwave ovens to process food. He felt very strange after seeing it. It can be said that when he went abroad for inspection in 1978, he was stimulated a lot. He also took the Shinkansen and said a meaningful sentence: This speed is just right for us.

The picture above shows Deng Xiaoping visiting Japan in 1978 and taking the Shinkansen. The picture below shows the governor of California riding the China high-speed train in 2017. Forty years ago, when Deng Xiaoping took the Japanese Shinkansen, he was filled with emotion: "Just like pushing us to run, we really need to run now!" Forty years later, the governor of California, USA, issued a similar sigh while riding the China high-speed train.

Then he went to New Matai and met with Lee Kuan Yew, then President of Singapore. In Singapore, what impressed him most was Singapore’s utilization of foreign capital, which was also the reason why he insisted on the establishment of Shenzhen Special Zone and the introduction of foreign capital. In the plan of establishing Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, it has always been emphasized that overseas Chinese should be used to introduce investment. Why does Deng Xiaoping support such a plan? Because he saw successful experience and amazing economic achievements in Singapore. He believes that China must open up and make use of foreign capital.

At the same time, Gu Mu took a delegation to visit West Germany and wrote a very detailed report after he came back. All these things happened before November 1978. Shortly after Deng Xiaoping returned from Singapore, he held a 36-day democratic thought meeting. It is to prepare for the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee at the end of the year.

The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee was held in Beijing Jingxi Hotel from December 18 to 22, 1978. Before that, the Central Committee held a 36-day democratic life meeting at the suggestion of Deng Xiaoping. During the 36-day meeting, the leaders who went abroad will bring back many new ideas from abroad and share them with the comrades of the whole Party. More importantly, Deng Xiaoping and the then top leaders of the Central Committee have waged an ideological struggle on whether to give up the class struggle and shift the focus of the Party’s work to economic construction. In a sense, this 36-day democratic thought meeting is the real starting point of China’s reform and opening up.

The Democratic Thought Conference has made great achievements, that is, Deng Xiaoping’s closing speech at this conference, "Emancipate the mind, seek truth from facts, unite and look forward". If we read through the full text, we will find that this speech is very, very important. It was in this closing speech that Deng Xiaoping came up with the important idea that developing economy rather than class struggle is the first priority. The theme of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee is actually to learn from Deng Xiaoping’s closing speech.

This historic change in the Party’s ideological line gave top priority to economic construction and bid farewell to the Cultural Revolution, which led to the romantic, rational and passionate years of reform in the 1980s.

(The above content is excerpted from Professor Zhang Jun’s speech entitled "Passionate Years-Economic Reform You Don’t Know" at the Starry Platform of Fudan University on April 19, 2018. The article was compiled by Wu Yiye, research assistant of the International School of Social Work, East China University of Science and Technology. )

　　BEIJING, Beijing, August 31 (Xinhua) On the 30th, the "Implementation Plan for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Myopia among Children and Adolescents" formulated by the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission was announced. For example, ensure that primary school students sleep for 10 hours every day, prohibit students from bringing electronic products such as mobile phones into the classroom, and control the number of new online games. The plan lists a series of hard measures to "protect their eyes" for children and adolescents.

　　— — By 2030, the myopia rate of high school students will drop below 70%

　　The plan proposes that by 2023, we will strive to reduce the overall myopia rate of children and adolescents nationwide by more than 0.5 percentage points per year on the basis of 2018, and the provinces with high incidence of myopia will reduce by more than 1 percentage point per year.

　　By 2030, the rate of new-onset myopia among children and adolescents in China will be significantly reduced, and the overall level of children and adolescents’ visual health will be significantly improved. The myopia rate of 6-year-old children will be controlled at around 3%, the myopia rate of primary school students will be reduced to below 38%, the myopia rate of junior high school students will be reduced to below 60%, the myopia rate of senior high school students will be reduced to below 70%, and the excellent rate of national students’ physical health standards will be over 25%.

　　[family]

　　— — Children are exposed to outdoor natural light for more than 60 minutes every day at home.

　　The plan requires that a good family sports atmosphere should be created, and children should be actively guided to engage in outdoor activities or physical exercise, so that they can be exposed to outdoor natural light for more than 60 minutes every day at home.

　　Encourage and support children to participate in various forms of sports activities, urge children to conscientiously complete sports homework in winter and summer vacations, enable them to master 1-2 sports skills, and guide children to develop lifelong exercise habits.

　　— — The cumulative use of electronic products for non-learning purposes should not exceed 1 hour per day.

　　The plan reminds parents to control the use of electronic products, and consciously control their children, especially preschool children, to use electronic products. The single use of electronic products for non-learning purposes should not exceed 15 minutes, and the cumulative time should not exceed 1 hour every day. After studying with electronic products for 30-40 minutes, they should take a rest and relax for 10 minutes. The younger they are, the shorter the continuous use of electronic products should be.

　　— — Ensure that primary school students sleep for 10 hours every day.

　　The plan requires that parents should supervise and correct their children’s bad reading and writing posture at any time, and the continuous eye use time for reading and writing should not exceed 40 minutes.

　　Parents should cooperate with the school to effectively reduce the burden on their children. Don’t blindly participate in extracurricular training and follow the trend. They should make reasonable choices according to their hobbies to avoid reducing the burden on schools and families.

　　Guarantee children’s sleep time, and ensure that primary school students sleep 10 hours a day, junior high school students 9 hours, and senior high school students 8 hours.

　　— — Not assigning homework in the first and second grades of primary school should not make students’ homework become parents’ homework.

　　The plan requires that schools should reduce students’ academic burden. There is no written homework for the first and second grades of primary school, and the completion time of written homework for the third to sixth grades should not exceed 60 minutes, and it should not exceed 90 minutes for junior high school. The homework time should also be reasonably arranged for senior high school. Strengthen practical homework, reduce mechanical and repetitive training, and prevent students’ homework from evolving into parents’ homework.

　　— — Grade one and grade two exams shall not exceed once per semester, and other grades shall not exceed twice.

　　The plan stipulates that the number of unified examinations in the compulsory education stage should be resolutely controlled. The first and second grades of primary school should not exceed once per semester, and other grades should not exceed twice per semester. It is strictly forbidden to publish students’ test scores and rankings in any form or manner; It is strictly forbidden to use the award-winning certificates of various competitions, academic competition results or grading certificates as the basis for enrollment; It is strictly forbidden to organize examinations to select students in various names.

　　— — Adjust the seat every month according to the change of students’ vision, and adjust the seat height every semester.

　　The plan requires that the phenomenon of "large class size" be eliminated quickly. The compliance rate of school classroom lighting hygiene standards is 100%. According to the viewing angle of students’ seats, the lighting situation in the classroom and the changes of students’ eyesight, the students’ seats are adjusted every month, and the height of students’ desks and chairs is adjusted individually every semester to adapt to the growth and development of students.

　　According to the plan, ensure that primary and secondary school students have more than one hour of physical activity time every day at school. Strictly implement the national physical education and health curriculum standards, and ensure that the first and second grades of primary school have 4 class hours per week, the third to sixth grades and junior high school have 3 class hours per week, and the senior high school has 2 class hours per week. Primary and secondary schools arrange 30 minutes of big recess sports activities every day.

　　— — Students are strictly forbidden to bring electronic products such as mobile phones and tablets into the classroom.

　　According to the plan, schools should prohibit students from bringing personal mobile phones, tablets and other electronic products into the classroom, and those brought into the school should be kept in a unified way. In school education, electronic products are used reasonably according to the principle of demand, and teaching and assignment are not dependent on electronic products. In principle, the teaching time using electronic products should not exceed 30% of the total teaching time, and paper homework should be used in principle.

　　— — Textbooks, test papers and other font papers should protect their eyesight and push mandatory standards before the end of next year.

　　According to the plan, before the end of 2019, National Health Commission will, together with relevant departments, issue relevant mandatory standards to strictly regulate the fonts and papers of textbooks, teaching AIDS, examination papers, exercise books, newspapers and other printed materials and publications for children and adolescents, as well as study lamps, so as to protect their eyesight.

　　— — Regulating the total amount of online games and controlling the number of online games newly added.

　　According to the plan, the State Press and Publication Administration should regulate the total number of online games, control the number of new online games, explore an age-appropriate reminder system in line with national conditions, and take measures to limit the use time of minors.

　　In addition, the State Administration of Market Supervision should strictly supervise the optometry and glasses industry, standardize the glasses market, and prevent unqualified glasses from entering the market. Strengthen advertising supervision and investigate and deal with false and illegal advertisements for myopia prevention and control products according to law.

　　— — Prevention and control of myopia, overall myopia rate and physical health are included in the government performance appraisal.

　　According to the plan, the State Council authorized the Ministry of Education, the National Health and Wellness Commission and the provincial people’s governments to sign responsibility letters for comprehensively strengthening the prevention and control of myopia among children and adolescents, and local people’s governments at all levels signed responsibility letters step by step. The prevention and control of myopia in children and adolescents, the overall myopia rate and physical health status will be included in the government performance appraisal.

　　Incorporate vision health into quality education, incorporate children’s physical and mental health and schoolwork burden into the national compulsory education quality monitoring and evaluation system, and hold local governments and schools accountable according to laws and regulations for the decline of children’s physical health for three consecutive years.

　　CCTV News recently reported on the safety investigation of self-heating hot pot.

　　You don’t need fire or electricity, just add a bottle of water, and you can enjoy the hot pot … … Nowadays, the so-called "lazy people cook their own hot pot" has quietly become popular, and some brands have also introduced self-heating foods such as rice, noodles and vermicelli. However, in the investigation, the reporter found that although the self-heating convenient hot pot is delicious and fast, there are certain safety hazards. The heating package of self-heating food is flammable and explosive, so consumers should be very careful when using it, and it is not allowed to take it by train or plane.

　　What is a self-heating hotpot?

　　Self-heating hot pot does not need fire or plug in electricity, and it is mainly composed of ingredients, an ingredient pot, a pot cover, an outer pot and a heating bag. The heating principle is to use the substance in the heating bag to contact with water to release heat, so that the temperature of the food in the upper food pot increases after absorbing heat. Besides self-heating chafing dish, it is also called micro chafing dish, clear boiled chafing dish and self-cooking chafing dish.

　　This product, which first appeared in Wechat business’s circle of friends, attracted more and more catering and food companies to join. From making hot pot bottom materials to chain hot pot restaurants, many companies have started self-heating small hot pot business. Even a good shop that makes snacks sells self-heating hot pot in its own Tmall flagship store. Now go to e-commerce platforms such as Tmall and JD.COM to search for "self-heating hot pot", and at least nearly 30 brands will appear.

　　Eat a hot pot and call the police!

　　However, there is no small safety risk in this convenient hot food. The reporter noticed that there are many reports on the Internet that the alarm will give an alarm when the self-heating hot pot is used, and consumers have sent the video that triggered the continuous alarm of the gas alarm when using the self-heating hot pot to the short video platform.

　　Consumer Xiao Chen has been afraid to eat self-heating hot pot at home since it caused the gas alarm to call the police. According to reports, she was operating in the kitchen according to the instructions. After the lid began to steam, she planned to go back to the house for a while, but before she left the kitchen, the gas alarm suddenly rang.

　　"At that time, I was shocked. I was afraid of gas leakage and specially called the gas company. The other party said that the gas did not leak after the door-to-door inspection." The inspectors said that it may be caused by the self-heating chafing dish, because the gas alarm will only give an alarm when it detects that carbon monoxide exceeds the standard, which may be caused by the gas released when the self-heating chafing dish is heated.

　　In addition, consumer Xiao Li told reporters that once he ate self-heating rice on the glass coffee table at home, the vent hole on the lid of the box just burst, and he heard a bang, and the corner of the glass coffee table burst, causing the rice to spill all over the floor.

　　The reporter bought a box of self-heating hot pot at random. After unpacking, first put the hot pot bottom and all the ingredients into the lunch box and add cold water. Then tear off the outer bag of the heating package and put it in the bottom box, and add cold water without heating the package. Place the food box on the heating bag, open the vent hole on the closed cover and cover the hot pot tightly. After a few seconds, steam will be ejected from the vent hole. After a few minutes, the sound of boiling water will be heard in the box, and the box will expand and deform when heated, and the high temperature can be felt near the lunch box. After more than 10 minutes, the box gave out a bang, and then the gas alarm at the reporter’s home rang. Turn off the gas alarm and wait for a few minutes, open the airtight cover, and high-temperature steam will blow on my face. In the process of eating, the self-heating hot pot has always maintained a high temperature. After eating for an hour, the outside of the lunch box still feels hot.

　　The manufacturer said this.

　　Why does the alarm continue to alarm?

　　So, what is the reason that causes the gas alarm to alarm continuously? The reporter dialed the telephone number of the manufacturer of the heating package. "When the heating package heats up, it will produce a small amount of hydrogen, because hydrogen will cause the smoke sensor to alarm." The person in charge of a heating package manufacturer said. Hydrogen is a combustible and reducing gas. Pure hydrogen burns quietly in the air, while impure hydrogen may explode when it burns.

　　Is it dangerous to generate hydrogen in the heating package?

　　However, in view of the hydrogen generated during the reaction of the heating package, the personnel of the manufacturer claimed to the reporter that "there is absolutely no safety hazard".

　　The person in charge of a heating package manufacturer told the reporter: "It doesn’t matter. If that thing is dangerous, it can’t be so hot in the market. Don’t think it’s so dangerous, it’s not so dangerous, and big companies are doing it."

　　safety test

　　1 In a confined space, the heating package has the risk of deflagration.

　　The manufacturer of the heating package said that there was absolutely no potential safety hazard. However, reports about the alarm of the self-heating food appeared from time to time. Then, is there a safety hazard after the heating package reacts with water?

　　Not long ago, the Shanghai Consumer Protection Committee informed about the testing of 20 self-heating instant hot pot products. The test items include the inspection of appearance and packaging label, the surface temperature of the pot, the gas released by the heating package when it meets water, the secondary water addition reaction of the heating package, the composition and content of the heating package and other indicators. The test results show that all the tested heating packages belong to "substances or mixtures that emit flammable gases when in contact with water".

　　Shang Zhaocong, executive deputy director of the National Chemical Product Safety Quality Inspection Center, told the reporter: "We have done a lot of experiments, and basically each heating package can generate about 40 liters of hydrogen. The combustion limit of hydrogen in air is 4% to 75.6%. Of course, there are other closed or semi-closed conditions, such as inside the car, which will have similar risks. "

　　You should also be careful when eating hot pot together on the tourist bus.

　　Not only the self-heating food may bring the risk of deflagration when it is used in a closed space, but also it has great safety hazards when it is used intensively in some public places.

　　Xiao Qiuping, assistant director of the National Chemical Products Safety Quality Inspection Center, said: "For example, many tourists don’t know that hydrogen will be generated during the driving of tourist buses and long-distance buses. The large-scale use of self-heating hot pot may lead to the accumulation of hydrogen in vehicles, especially in summer, when the air conditioner is turned on, and the whole compartment is in a closed environment. In this case, if the lower explosion limit concentration is reached and a little fire source is encountered, a lighter is not needed.

　　3 After using the discarded heating package, there are still potential safety hazards.

　　Experts also told reporters that not only the self-heating products may bring the risk of deflagration after reaching the deflagration limit value of hydrogen in the use process, but also there are safety hazards after using the discarded heating packages.

　　In this experiment, the Shanghai Consumer Protection Committee also submerged 20 sample heating packages in water again. The results show that there are 14 samples of heating packs with different degrees of continuous deflation. The reaction duration is more than 3 minutes, and the longest is 8 minutes.

　　If such a heating package is discarded and meets water in a closed space such as a garbage can, and a little fire source is added, it may burn.

　　Safety warning to be standardized, safety standards to be issued.

　　In terms of product standards, there are currently no national and industrial standards related to self-heating instant hot pot products and heating packages in China. In fact, this unpredictable but possible security risk needs to be clearly reminded before users use it. However, the reporter found that at present, no self-heating product on the market has made a clear warning against these problems.

　　Cai En, director of the Consumer Guidance Department of the Shanghai Consumer Rights Protection Committee, said: "The manufacturer of heating packs should first make further tests and analysis on the components and related proportions of its heating packs, including the weight, to ensure that this heating pack can fully respond and ensure the safety of consumers when using it."

　　In this test, 18 samples of heating packages were marked with main components and corresponding enterprise standard codes. According to the marked main components, it can be divided into two groups: group ⅰ is calcium oxide, aluminum particles and sodium bicarbonate; Group II is calcium oxide, aluminum powder, sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide. The heating packages of the other two self-heating instant hot pot samples were not marked with ingredients and enterprise standard codes.

　　According to the Catalogue of Hazardous Chemicals (2015 Edition) issued by state administration of work safety and other ten ministries and commissions, "aluminum powder" belongs to hazardous chemicals. In the list of dangerous goods in the United Nations Model Regulations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, "uncoated" aluminum powder belongs to the listed 4.3 substances that release flammable gases when meeting water; Sodium hydroxide belongs to the listed class 8 corrosive products. When transported by air, calcium oxide belongs to the eighth corrosion product listed in the list. The heating package belongs to the substances listed in the list that release flammable gas when it meets water.

　　According to the classification standard of the United Nations "Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods Model Regulations", the self-heating instant chafing dish products are dangerous goods in transportation, because of the danger of releasing flammable gas when encountering water.

　　Therefore, China’s civil aviation system has completely banned the carrying of self-heating products on the plane. The regulations on railway safety management issued by Guangxi also clearly stipulate that it is forbidden to use self-heating food on bullet trains.

　　Use reminder

　　Shanghai Consumer Protection Committee reminds consumers:

　　● Read the instructions of the product before use, and operate in strict accordance with the prompts, especially not in closed and narrow environments such as cars, avoiding naked flames, and minors can use it under the guidance of adults.

　　● When using, please pay attention to placing the product on the anti-scalding table, and avoid touching the outer pot to avoid scalding.

　　● After use, the instant chafing dish garbage should avoid massive accumulation or direct contact with water, and be classified according to the regulations of Shanghai Municipal Domestic Waste Management, and the used heating package should be classified and disposed according to harmful waste.

　　Self-heating food raw materials have the problem of nutrient loss.

　　Chen Rong, president of the Nutritionist Association of Heilongjiang Province and a national first-class nutritionist, said that the nutritional value of vegetable raw materials in self-heated food could not be compared with that of fresh vegetables.

　　Comprehensive CCTV, interface news, life newspaper, etc.

　　Cctv news Recently, with the theme of "improving the emergency response ability and keeping the bottom line of safety and stability", the second class of the 65th Middle School of the Party School of Zhengzhou Municipal Committee held a student forum on how to improve the emergency response ability of young and middle-aged cadres. During the activity, 15 students’ representatives exchanged speeches, and Deng Yunqi, director of the cadre planning office of the Organization Department of Zhengzhou Municipal Committee, made a summary comment.

　　At the forum, all the students spoke from different perspectives and fields closely around the theme, combining their work practice and learning experience. Students communicate from the practical level, explain their views from the industry field, express their views from the perspective of "learning from practice", and solve the problem of emergency response ability of young and middle-aged cadres with "understanding thinking".

　　The atmosphere at the forum was warm, and "flash" suggestions emerged one after another. The speeches included both theoretical explanations and case analysis. There are both problems and countermeasures; There are both experiences and lessons. Through this forum, the students exchanged ideas, enlightened their wisdom, tested the learning effect, and embodied the purpose of applying what they have learned to promote learning.

　　Deng Yunqi fully affirmed this student forum. He believes that the forum is well-prepared, well-organized, and has a strong atmosphere. All the students have made in-depth thinking based on their own job responsibilities and professional fields, and made speeches from different dimensions and perspectives. He expressed the hope that everyone will cherish the learning platform of the party school, take everything and every activity seriously, calm down, think deeply, discuss and communicate, improve their ability in all directions, lay a solid foundation for future work, and live up to the trust and cultivation of the organization.

　　Text: Ren Zeping Xiong Chai Zhou Zhe of Evergrande Research Institute.

　　Intern Zhou Xinyi and others contributed to this article.

　　guide reading

　　In July 2018, Politburo meeting of the Chinese Communist Party put forward the requirement of "six stabilities" to do a good job in economic work, putting "stable employment" in the first place. In 2019, the Government Work Report put the employment priority policy at the macro-policy level for the first time, and asked higher vocational colleges to expand enrollment by 1 million. In May, the the State Council Employment Leading Group was established for the first time, which showed that the central government attached great importance to employment. What is the current employment situation in China?

　　abstract

　　There are limitations or distortions in judging the employment situation only by official unemployment rate and other data. 1) The registered unemployment rate in cities and towns depends on the unemployed taking the initiative to register with the social and social departments, and it is only for the non-agricultural population. The data fluctuates slightly, and it fell to 3.61% at the end of the second quarter of 2019, which is not related to the economic trend. 2) The urban survey unemployment rate was officially announced from the beginning of 2018, and it continued to be higher than 5% in 2019 and 5.1% in June. However, the survey sample of 85,000 urban households only accounts for 0.03% of the urban employment in China, and the sampling rate is only half of 0.07% in the United States. Moreover, it is not representative of migrant workers and the sampling frame is aging. 3) The recruitment rate depends on the fact that job seekers and employers voluntarily register with local public employment service agencies, and the data shows a long-term upward trend, with limited reference value. In the second quarter of 2019, it was 1.22, both year-on-year and quarter-on-quarter. 4) To judge the employment situation, we need not only employment quantity indicators such as unemployment rate, but also employment quality indicators such as average working hours, salary growth rate and part-time job ratio, but there are limited indicators to measure employment quality at present.

　　Other employment data reflect the current real employment pressure. 1) The number of new jobs in cities and towns decreased by 2% year-on-year in the first half of this year, and the growth rate of the number of people receiving unemployment benefits and re-employment was not optimistic. In the first half of 2019, there were only 7.47 million new jobs in cities and towns, a year-on-year decrease of 2.0%, and the target completion rate dropped to 67.0%, a decrease of 1.4 percentage points compared with the first half of last year. In the first quarter of 2019, the year-on-year growth rate of the number of people receiving unemployment insurance benefits has increased for five consecutive quarters. From January to May 2019, the number of unemployed people in cities and towns re-employed decreased by 9.1%, and the number of people with employment difficulties decreased by 4.2%. 2) Both manufacturing and non-manufacturing PMI employee indices tend to decline. In June 2019, the manufacturing PMI employee index fell to 46.9%, the lowest since March 2009; Non-manufacturing PMI employees index fell to 48.2%, falling for two consecutive months. 3) The CIER index of Renmin University and Zhilian recruitment is still at a low level in the second quarter. The CIER index is the ratio of recruitment demand to the number of applicants on the Zhaopin recruitment website, which was 1.89 in the second quarter of 2019, although it rose slightly year-on-year, it was still at a low level. In terms of regions, the CIER indices in the eastern, central, western and northeastern regions in the second quarter of 2019 were 1.18, 1.14, 0.92 and 0.66, respectively, which all declined year-on-year, and the eastern region experienced the largest decline; In terms of cities, the CIER indices of first-tier, new-tier, second-tier and third-tier cities are 0.60, 0.94, 1.18 and 1.25 respectively.Second-and third-tier cities saw the biggest decline. 4) In the first half of 2019, the search volume of job-related keywords in Baidu Index surged. The search volume of Baidu for keywords such as "looking for a job", "recruitment", "recruitment information" and "unemployment benefits" in the past 90 days increased by 482%, 492%, 80% and 122% respectively.

　　The economic downturn will further put pressure on the job market. 1) The current economic and financial situation is grim. In the second quarter of 2019, the GDP growth rate dropped to a new low of 6.2%, 0.2 percentage points lower than that in the first quarter. Moreover, the impact of the escalation of trade friction in May and the intensive introduction of real estate financing tightening policies has not yet appeared. Recently, leading economic indicators have declined, such as real estate sales, land purchase and funding sources, PMI orders and PMI export orders. Moreover, the economic and financial structure is deteriorating. For example, the proportion of medium and long-term loans of enterprises has declined, while the proportion of short-term loans and short-term financing has increased; PPI goes down, and corporate profits decline. Although the continuous reduction of labor supply will alleviate the employment pressure, the economic slowdown will lead to a further slowdown in labor demand and further pressure on the job market, although large-scale unemployment is unlikely. 2) From the perspective of industry, the employment in manufacturing industry is mainly affected by the downturn in exports and the decline in profits of PPI-declining enterprises. The construction industry is affected by the limited space for infrastructure recovery and the decline in real estate investment, and the follow-up is not optimistic; According to Zhaopin’s recruitment data, the recruitment demand in the financial industry decreased by 39.7% and 37.0% in the first and second quarters respectively, and the Internet/e-commerce decreased by 22.5% and 13.6% respectively. From the perspective of key groups, the scale of college graduates continues to hit a new high, the growth rate of migrant workers slows down but their age is aging, the scale of "4050" personnel rises, and the employment pressure is greater. 3) Policy suggestions. First, further vigorously optimize the business environment, promote the implementation of tax reduction and fee reduction, and smooth financing channels.Give full play to the role of enterprises as the main body of stable employment, especially private and small and medium-sized enterprises. Private and small and medium-sized enterprises are the main body to attract employment, but the business environment has deteriorated in the past few years, including being injured to some extent in the past deleveraging, capacity reduction and environmental protection storms, and the continued downturn in exports has increased their survival pressure, coupled with poor financing channels and liquidity stratification. Although the government has issued a number of policies to bail out private and small and medium-sized enterprises, the effect of the policies remains to be seen. Second, increase the opening up of the service industry, especially the financial, educational, medical and telecommunications industries; Accelerate the construction of metropolitan areas and urban agglomerations with big cities as the core, increase the density and frequency of economically active population to promote agglomeration, and give full play to the role of service industry in absorbing employment. The third is to promote the stable and healthy development of the real estate market, not only to prevent excessive financial bubble, but also to prevent active puncture from causing major financial risks. Fourth, solidly promote the large-scale enrollment expansion of higher vocational colleges, implement large-scale vocational skills training, and promote the transformation of labor skills to meet the needs of industrial transformation and upgrading.

　　Risk warning: the official unemployment rate is limited or distorted, and the policy fluctuates greatly.

　　catalogue

　　1 there are limitations in judging the employment situation simply by official unemployment rate and other data.

　　2 Other employment data reflect the current employment pressure.

　　2.1 New jobs in cities and towns decreased by 2% year-on-year in the first half of the year, and the growth rate of unemployment benefits and re-employment was not optimistic.

　　2.2 manufacturing and non-manufacturing PMI employees’ indices are trending downward.

　　2.3 Renmin University and Zhilian recruitment CIER index is still at a low level in the second quarter.

　　2.4 Baidu Index job search related keywords surged in the first half of the year.

　　The economic downturn will further put pressure on the job market, but the possibility of mass unemployment is very low.

　　3.1 The current economic and financial situation is grim, and the labor market will be further under pressure.

　　3.2 The employment pressure of some industries and key groups will be further highlighted.

　　3.3 Policy recommendations

　　main body

　　1 there are limitations in judging the employment situation simply by official unemployment rate and other data.

　　What is employment? According to the definition of the International Labour Organization, people who have worked for at least one hour in order to obtain labor remuneration or business income during the reference week of the survey, as well as people who are on vacation or temporarily suspended from work but are not working, are regarded as employed persons. Therefore, to judge the employment situation, we need to observe not only the overall unemployment rate, the unemployment rate by age, but also the ratio of job vacancies and job seekers, the average working time of employed people, the salary growth rate and the part-time employment ratio. Although China has improved its employment statistics, there are still obvious problems, which are difficult to fully reflect the real employment situation.

　　1) The registered unemployment rate in cities and towns depends on the unemployed taking the initiative to register with the social and social departments, and it is only for the non-agricultural population. The data fluctuates slightly, and it fell to 3.61% in the second quarter of 2019, which is not related to the economic trend. In the early 1980s, China began to establish a registered unemployment system, which was called "unemployment statistics" at that time, and it was changed to "registered unemployment" in 1994. Urban registered unemployment rate = urban registered unemployed/(urban employees+urban registered unemployed). Registered unemployed people in cities and towns are unemployed people who are non-agricultural registered permanent residence, aged over 16 to retirement age, have the ability to work, are unemployed and ask for employment, and voluntarily register with public employment service agencies. Obviously, the registered unemployed do not include migrant workers and other permanent residents, so it is difficult to reflect the real unemployment situation. According to the data, the registered unemployment rate in cities and towns remained stable between 4.0% and 4.3% for a long time from 2002 to 2016, and continued to drop to 3.61% in June 2019 from 2017, which is obviously inconsistent with the economic growth trend.

　　2) The survey unemployment rate has been officially announced since the beginning of 2018, but the survey sample of 85,000 urban families only accounts for about 0.03% of the urban employment in China, and the sampling rate is only half of 0.07% in the United States, and the sample rotation problem leads to insufficient representation of migrant workers. In view of the above-mentioned problems of registered unemployment rate in cities and towns, the National Bureau of Statistics officially implemented the national labor force sampling survey twice a year in 2005, established the monthly labor force sampling survey system in 31 big cities in 2009, and expanded it to 65 cities in 2013. In 2016, the monthly labor force survey covered all prefecture-level cities (prefectures and leagues) and sampled 120,000 families in China, and began to publish the unemployment rate data of urban surveys continuously in early 2018. Obviously different from the registered unemployment rate in cities and towns, the survey unemployment rate in cities and towns in China is based on the statistics of permanent residents, and adopts the unemployment standard of the International Labour Organization, that is, people aged 16 or above who have no job but have been actively looking for a job in the past three months.

　　From the trend point of view, the survey unemployment rate in China and 31 big cities are weakly related to the trend of GDP, and the unemployment rate and GDP growth rate in 31 big cities with relatively long data period basically keep changing in the same direction. Judging from the urban survey unemployment rate, it has been fluctuating in the range of 4.8%-5.3% since January 2018, and it has been higher than 5% since January 2019 and 5.1% in June 2019. Because the urban survey unemployment rate is close to the natural unemployment rate of about 5%, the official believes that there is no periodic unemployment. From a year-on-year perspective, the urban survey unemployment rate basically continued to rise from -0.2 percentage points in January 2018 to 0.3 percentage points in June 2019.

　　There are still three problems in China’s urban survey unemployment rate statistics: First, the sample is insufficient. Among the 120,000 households in the monthly labor force survey, there are about 85,000 households (household units) in cities and towns, accounting for only 0.03% of the urban employment in China. In the United States, the survey sample in the unemployment rate statistics is 60,000 households, accounting for about 0.07% of the non-agricultural employment in the United States. Second, the representativeness of the foreign resident population may be insufficient. In the survey, in order to avoid sample aging, the National Bureau of Statistics adopts sample rotation, that is, it withdraws from the survey after completing four surveys within two years, which means that investigators must find relatively stable families, and permanent migrants with strong mobility may be excluded. Moreover, when the employment situation is not good, some migrant workers return to the countryside, which makes the urban unemployment rate lower in data. Third, the sampling frame is aging. According to the local statistics department, the data of the sixth population census in 2010 is used as the primary sampling frame. Although it is updated every year, it is only a simple expansion in practice, and the newly-built community still cannot enter the sampling frame, which leads to the serious aging of the existing survey samples and poor sample representativeness.

　　3) The recruitment rate depends on job seekers and employers voluntarily going to local public employment service agencies to register, and the data shows a long-term upward trend, with limited reference value. Multiplication ratio = job vacancy/number of job seekers. The data comes from public employment service agencies in 100 cities in Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security. Urban and rural workers who are of working age, have the ability to work and have employment requirements can apply for public employment services in the public employment service institutions of their permanent residence with relevant documents such as resident identity cards; Employers can consult with public employment service agencies and apply for employment services. Since the fourth quarter of 2010, the recruitment ratio has exceeded 1 and basically increased, and it has dropped to 1.22 in the second quarter of 2019, down by 0.05 and 0.01 percentage points respectively from the previous quarter and the same period last year. The relationship between the recruitment ratio and GDP change is weak, mainly because it relies on public employment service agencies at all levels to collect data by registration, and does not include new job-seeking channels such as campus recruitment, online recruitment and employment agency, which has narrow coverage and limited reference significance. As a reference, the US Department of Labor released JOLTS job vacancy data, which comes from the monthly survey of job vacancies and labor turnover rate, which surveys employers about the employment situation of enterprises, the number of vacant positions, recruitment and dismissal, etc. The survey sample covers about 16,000 American enterprises, covering most areas of the American economy. JOLT job vacancies in the United States have a wider coverage, which can better reflect the employment situation and positively change with the year-on-year growth rate of GDP.

　　4) Judging the employment situation requires not only employment quantity indicators such as unemployment rate, but also employment quality indicators such as average working hours, salary growth rate and part-time job ratio. However, there are limited indicators to measure employment quality at present, and there are also sampling problems. Enterprises rarely lay off employees immediately at the beginning of the bad economic situation, but generally choose to reduce wages and working hours first. In this case, the unemployment rate in urban surveys will not rise, but the quality of employment has begun to deteriorate. According to the monthly labor force survey of the National Bureau of Statistics, in June 2019, the average weekly working hours of employed people nationwide were 45.7 hours, 0.6 hours lower than that of the previous month and 0.2 hours lower than that of the same period of last year. However, there is also the problem of insufficient representation of migrant workers due to insufficient samples and sampling deviation, and there are no more employment indicators for reference. In contrast, the US Department of Labor publishes monthly indicators such as average weekly working hours, average weekly salary, full-time and part-time employment, which are comprehensive and can comprehensively reflect the quality of employment.

　　2 Other employment data reflect the current employment pressure.

　　Considering the limitations of the aforementioned employment indicators, we try to infer the current employment situation from other official and unofficial data.

　　2.1 New jobs in cities and towns decreased by 2% year-on-year in the first half of the year, and the growth rate of unemployment benefits and re-employment was not optimistic.

　　In the first half of 2019, the number of newly employed people in cities and towns was only 7.47 million, down 2.0% year-on-year, and the target completion rate dropped to 67.0%, down 1.4 percentage points from the first half of last year. In 2003, a statistical system was established for new employment in cities and towns, and the number of new employees in cities and towns = the cumulative number of new employees in cities and towns during the reporting period-the number of natural attrition. The statistics of new employment in cities and towns are not restricted by household registration, and include various forms of employment with a wide caliber, but it cannot be ruled out that someone frequently changes jobs many times in a year. In July 2018, the cumulative year-on-year growth rate of the number of newly employed urban workers reached a stage high of 2.9%, and then the trend declined. At the beginning of 2019, the cumulative number of newly employed urban workers began to grow negatively, reaching 7.47 million in June, a year-on-year decrease of 2.0%. The target completion rate was 67.0%, which was 1.4 percentage points lower than the 68.4% in January-June 2018.

　　In the first quarter of 2019, the year-on-year growth rate of the number of people receiving unemployment insurance increased for five consecutive quarters. The number of unemployed people in cities and towns re-employed decreased by 9.1% from January to May 2019, and the number of people with employment difficulties decreased by 4.2%. The recipients of unemployment insurance benefits are employees of urban enterprises and institutions. In the first quarter of 2019, the number of people receiving unemployment insurance benefits was 2.27 million, up 1.8% from the previous month and the same period of last year. Among them, the growth rate of the previous month turned from negative to positive, and the year-on-year growth rate increased for five consecutive quarters. The number of unemployed people re-employed in cities and towns was 2.09 million from January to May 2019, a sharp decrease of 9.1% year-on-year, and the year-on-year growth rate dropped sharply for two consecutive months. In September 2018, the year-on-year growth rate of people with employment difficulties reached a high of 16.2% in recent years, and then began to decline rapidly. In February 2019, the year-on-year growth rate began to turn negative. From January to May 2019, the number of people with employment difficulties was 690,000, a year-on-year decrease of 4.2%.

　　2.2 manufacturing and non-manufacturing PMI employees’ indices are trending downward.

　　The PMI employee index reflects the views of enterprises on the scale of current employees compared with the previous period. In June 2019, the manufacturing PMI employee index fell to 46.9%, the lowest since March 2009; Non-manufacturing PMI employees index fell to 48.2%. PMI employee index is one of five sub-indices of PMI, among which manufacturing PMI started to be counted in 2005, with a sample of 3,000 enterprises; Non-manufacturing PMI began to be counted in 2007, targeting 4,000 sample enterprises. 50% is the critical point of expansion and contraction, and a PMI employee index of less than 50% means that more business leaders believe that the number of production and operation personnel is lower than that of a month ago.

　　Judging from the manufacturing PMI employee index, the manufacturing PMI employee index has been below 50% for 27 consecutive months since March 2017; In June 2019, it fell to 46.9%, falling for three consecutive months, down 0.1 percentage points from the previous month and 2.1 percentage points from the same period last year. Among them, the PMI employee index of large, medium and small enterprises in manufacturing industry began to decline in the second half of 2018, and it was 47.0%, 45.9% and 48.3% respectively in June 2019, down 2.0, 2.4 and 1.9 percentage points respectively year-on-year. Medium-sized enterprises not only had a lower absolute level, but also had a larger decline.

　　Judging from the non-manufacturing PMI employee index, the non-manufacturing PMI employee index began to remain below 50% in September 2018, and fell to 48.2% in June 2019, falling for two consecutive months, down 0.1 and 0.7 percentage points respectively from the previous month and the same period last year. Among them, the construction industry PMI employee index began to decline rapidly from 54.1% in March 2019, and fell to 50.4% in June 2019. The service industry PMI employee index continued to be below 50% after July 2014, and began to decline rapidly from 49.7% in August 2018, and fell to 47.9% in June 2019.

　　Similarly, in the questionnaire survey of urban depositors of the central bank, the employment perception index and employment expectation index in the second quarter of 2019 were 44.2% and 52.3%, respectively, down 1.6 and 1.5 percentage points from the previous month. The questionnaire survey of urban depositors is a quarterly survey system established by the People’s Bank of China since 1999. Every quarter, 20,000 depositors are selected from 50 cities (large, medium and small) in China as the survey objects, and the employment feeling index and employment expectation index reflect the views of depositors on employment. From the first quarter to the second quarter of 2018, both the employment feeling index and the employment expectation index stopped rising and declined in fluctuations. In the second quarter of 2019, the employment experience index was 44.2%, down 1.6 and 0.8 percentage points respectively from the previous quarter and the same period of last year; The employment expectation index was 52.3%, down 1.5 percentage points from the previous month and flat year-on-year. In the second quarter of 2019, the proportion of people who chose "good situation and easy employment" in the employment experience index was 15.5%, down 0.8 percentage points from the previous month and flat year-on-year.

　　2.3 Renmin University and Zhilian recruitment CIER index is still at a low level in the second quarter.

　　The CIER index is the ratio of recruitment demand to the number of applicants on the Zhaopin recruitment website, which was 1.89 in the second quarter of 2019, although it rose slightly year-on-year, it was still at a low level. CIER index is a China employment market prosperity index jointly launched by the Employment Research Institute of Renmin University of China and Zhaopin. It is obtained by analyzing the data of Zhaopin, and it is a good quality and long-term data in the current unofficial employment statistics. CIER index = total recruitment demand/total number of applicants, with 1 as the watershed. When it is greater than 1, it indicates that the demand for labor in the job market is more than the supply of labor in the market, the competition in the job market tends to ease, and the job market is prosperous. In the second quarter of 2019, the CIER index was 1.89, up 0.21 and 0.01 respectively from the previous quarter and the same period last year. From the perspective of the chain, the increase was mainly due to seasonal factors. After entering the second quarter, the demand for employment increased significantly, and the number of people in need increased by 15.7%. After the peak of rework and job-hopping in the Spring Festival, the growth of job-seeking supply slowed down, and the number of job applicants increased by 2.7%. From a year-on-year perspective, the CIER index in the second quarter of 2019 remained at a low level since the second quarter of 2015.

　　In terms of regions, the CIER indices in the eastern, central, western and northeastern regions in the second quarter of 2019 were 1.18, 1.14, 0.92 and 0.66, respectively, which all declined year-on-year, and the eastern region experienced the largest decline; In terms of cities, the CIER indices of first-tier, new-tier, second-tier and third-tier cities are 0.60, 0.94, 1.18 and 1.25, respectively, and the second-tier and third-tier cities have the largest decline; In terms of the nature of enterprises, the CIER index of private enterprises and state-owned enterprises in the second quarter of 2019 was 0.94 and 0.52, respectively, showing a downward trend year-on-year. According to the explanation of the Employment Research Institute of Renmin University of China, the average value of the subentry CIER index is not equal to the overall CIER index, mainly because there may be multiple deliveries by job seekers, and the sum of the subentry job seekers is greater than the overall number of job seekers. In the second quarter of 2019, the CIER indices of the eastern, central, western and northeastern regions were 1.18, 1.14, 0.92 and 0.66, respectively, with the highest employment boom in the eastern region and the lowest in the northeastern region; Compared with the same period of last year, it decreased by 0.28, 0.19, 0.19 and 0.07 respectively, and the employment situation in the east deteriorated the fastest. In the second quarter of 2019, the CIER indices of first-tier, new-tier, second-tier and third-tier cities were 0.60, 0.94, 1.18 and 1.25, respectively, down by 0.11, 0.03, 0.34 and 0.31 percentage points year-on-year, with the second-tier and third-tier cities having the largest decline.In the second quarter of 2019, the CIER indexes of private enterprises, joint ventures, joint-stock enterprises, state-owned enterprises, listed companies and wholly foreign-owned enterprises were 0.94, 0.82, 0.70, 0.52, 0.73 and 0.69, respectively, down by 0.04, 0.05, 0.15, 0.35, 0.29 and 0.23 respectively.

　　2.4 Baidu Index job search related keywords surged in the first half of the year.

　　Baidu index can reflect the active search demand of netizens, and the search volume of keywords such as "looking for a job", "recruitment", "recruitment information" and "unemployment benefits" increased by 482%, 492%, 80% and 122? %, the employment pressure is prominent, and the employment situation is more severe than in previous years. Baidu Index takes the search volume of netizens in Baidu as the data base and keywords as the statistical object, and calculates the weighted sum of the search frequency of each keyword in Baidu web search, which can reflect the active search demand of netizens. 1) "Looking for a job": The Baidu search index of "looking for a job" keywords in 2015-2018 all rose to the peak of around 40,000 after the Spring Festival, with obvious periodicity. In February, April and June, 2019, the search index of "looking for a job" reached the peak of 274,000, 314,000 and 114,000 respectively, which fluctuated violently. As of July 27, 2019, the overall daily average increased by 482% year-on-year. 2) "Recruitment": The Baidu search index of the word "recruitment" largely represents the search will of job seekers. The index has soared since May 2019, rising from less than 10,000 to the current peak of 161,000, up 492% year-on-year in the past 90 days, reflecting the increased difficulty in finding a job and the prominent employment pressure. 3) "Recruitment Information": "Recruitment Information" can be used to represent the job-seeking needs of blue-collar workers. The peak after the Spring Festival in 2019 is nearly 30 times that of 2015-2018, and the unemployment problem of blue-collar and migrant workers is stronger than in previous years. Since July,The index experienced the second small peak in the year, and the daily average in the past 90 days increased by 80% year-on-year. 4) "Conditions for receiving unemployment benefits": The search volume of "Conditions for receiving unemployment benefits" has soared since March 2019, and the daily average value of the search index from March to July is about 2.3 times that of the same period of last year, with a year-on-year increase of 122% in the past 90 days, which means that the number of unemployed people has increased and the employment situation has deteriorated. Therefore, the current employment situation is more severe than in previous years, and the number of job seekers seeking unemployment protection and switching to various recruitment and recruitment websites has increased significantly.

　　The economic downturn will further put pressure on the job market, but the possibility of mass unemployment is very low.

　　3.1 The current economic and financial situation is grim, and the labor market will be further under pressure.

　　The current economic and financial situation is grim. In the second quarter of 2019, the GDP growth rate dropped to a new low of 6.2%, down 0.2 percentage points from the first quarter. Moreover, the impact of the trade war escalated again in May and the intensive introduction of real estate financing tightening policies has not yet appeared. Recently, leading economic indicators have declined, such as real estate sales, land purchase and funding sources, PMI orders and PMI export orders. Moreover, the economic and financial structure is deteriorating. For example, the proportion of medium and long-term loans of enterprises has declined, while the proportion of short-term loans and short-term financing has increased; PPI goes down, and corporate profits decline. In the second quarter of 2019, the real growth rate of GDP was 6.2%. After a short period of stabilization in the first quarter, it was 0.2 percentage points lower than that in the fourth quarter of last year and the first quarter of this year, the lowest point since the quarterly accounting of GDP was implemented in 1992, and it will go down again. The main reasons for the economic downturn are: the short-term inventory recovery is suppressed by the second half of the financial leverage cycle, the export effect of Sino-US trade friction appears, and the real estate investment inflection point appears due to the continuous tightening of real estate regulation. Although the issuance of special bonds has made great efforts, the land revenue has declined, and it is expected that the rebound of infrastructure will be limited, making it difficult to hedge the downward trend of the economy. From the data in June, although economic indicators such as consumption and investment have stabilized, they are still in a downturn, and leading indicators have declined. Among them, the PMI new order index was 49.6% in June, down 0.2 percentage points from the previous month; Real estate sales in June was -2.2% year-on-year, a decrease of 3.3 percentage points from the previous month, but it was still negative.And recently, China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, the National Development and Reform Commission and other departments have comprehensively tightened major financing channels such as bank loans, trusts and overseas debts, and the real estate financing situation in the second half of the year is grim; The medium-and long-term loans of newly-increased enterprises were 375.3 billion yuan in June, a year-on-year decrease of 24.8 billion yuan. The proportion of medium-and long-term loans of enterprises fluctuated at a low level, the loan structure deteriorated, and financial institutions’ distrust of enterprises increased. (See the report of Evergrande Research Institute in July, Born in Worry-Macro Outlook in 2019, Fully Estimating the Severity of the Current Economic and Financial Situation-Fully Interpreting the Economic and Financial Data in June).

　　Although the continuous reduction of labor supply will alleviate the employment pressure, the economic slowdown will lead to a further slowdown in labor demand and further pressure on the job market, but it is unlikely that large-scale unemployment will occur. The working-age population aged 15-59 in China reached a peak of 940 million in 2011, and decreased by 4.29 million annually from 2012 to 2018, with a total decrease of 30.06 million. The labor participation rate (economically active population/population aged 15 -64) gradually decreased to 76.2% in 2018, and the scale of labor supply continued to decrease. The economically active population in China reached a peak of 806.94 million in 2016, and the total number of employed people reached a peak of 776.4 million in 2017. From the perspective of the relationship between economic growth and employment, due to the larger economy and the transformation of economic structure to service industry, although the number of new urban jobs created by unit GDP growth has increased significantly, the downward economic growth has led to a significant slowdown in the growth rate of urban employees and non-agricultural employees. In 2011-2018, the number of newly created urban jobs increased from 1.29 million to 2.06 million, and the number of newly created urban jobs increased from 1.29 million to 1.49 million, which was basically stable in the last three years. The number of newly created non-agricultural jobs decreased from 1.74 million to 960,000, the growth rate of urban employees decreased from 3.54% to 2.25%, and the growth rate of non-agricultural employees decreased from 3.43% to 1.11%. However, as long as the policy is properly handled and no major systemic risks occur, the downside of subsequent economic growth is relatively limited.The possibility of mass unemployment is very low.

　　3.2 The employment pressure of some industries and key groups will be further highlighted.

　　In terms of industries, the employment in manufacturing industry is mainly affected by the downturn in exports and the decline in profits of PPI companies. The construction industry is affected by the limited space for infrastructure recovery and the decline in real estate investment, and the follow-up is not optimistic; According to Zhaopin’s recruitment data, the recruitment demand in the financial industry decreased by 39.7% and 37.0% in the first and second quarters respectively, and the Internet/e-commerce decreased by 22.5% and 13.6% respectively. 1) manufacturing industry. In 2017, the employment of manufacturing industry accounted for 26.3% of the employment of urban non-private units. Affected by the global economic downturn and Sino-US economic and trade frictions, exports continued to be sluggish. In the first half of 2019, exports were 0.1% year-on-year, down 9.8 percentage points from 2018; Among them, exports to the United States were -8.1% year-on-year, down 19.4 percentage points from the whole year of 2018. According to estimates, a 25% tariff on $250 billion of goods will affect the employment of 1.99 million people; If a 25% tariff is imposed on $550 billion of goods, it will affect the employment of 4.2 million people, especially the employment of manufacturing industries such as electromechanical and machinery, and the industrial chain is shifting from China to Viet Nam and other places. From the perspective of corporate profits, the profits of industrial enterprises above designated size decreased by -2.4% year-on-year from January to June 2019, down by 19.6 percentage points compared with the same period of last year. The decline in corporate profits will suppress manufacturing employment. 2) Construction industry. In 2017, the employment in construction industry accounted for 15.0% and 18.9% of the employees in urban non-private units and the number of migrant workers respectively.From January to June, the investment in infrastructure (including water, electricity and gas) was 3.0% year-on-year, and it is expected to continue to rise with the support of the new regulations on special debts; However, the land revenue has fallen sharply, tax reduction and fee reduction have made local governments’ finances tight, and the continuation of local hidden debts has been strictly controlled, and there is limited room for infrastructure investment to rebound. From January to June, the growth rate of investment in real estate development dropped to 10.8%. Weak sales, negative growth in land purchase, and constrained financing of housing enterprises mean that real estate investment will continue to decline slowly in the future. 3) Financial industry and IT industry. According to Zhaopin’s recruitment data, the recruitment demand in the financial industry decreased by 39.7% and 37.0% respectively in the first and second quarters of 2019, especially in the situation of strict financial supervision. Internet/e-commerce recruitment demand decreased by 22.5% and 13.6% respectively. In addition, the demand for real estate/construction/building materials/engineering and computer software in the second quarter decreased by 15.9% and 13.9% respectively.

　　From the perspective of key groups, the scale of college graduates continues to hit a new high, the growth rate of migrant workers slows down but their age is aging, the scale of "4050" personnel rises, and the employment pressure is greater. In terms of college graduates, the number of college graduates (including graduate students) climbed from 880,000 in 1999 to 8.34 million in 2019. Considering that the enrollment of ordinary colleges and universities (including graduate students) increased from 8.03 million to 8.77 million in 2015-2018, the scale of college graduates will continue to reach a new high in the next few years. Because some students’ skills are difficult to adapt to the employment requirements, the pressure of "difficult employment" continues to rise. In terms of migrant workers, the scale of migrant workers increased from 240 million in 2010 to 290 million in 2018, and the growth rate slowed down from 5.4% to 0.6%. However, migrant workers with junior high school education or below are more aging and face greater unemployment risks in the economic downturn. From 2008 to 2018, the proportion of migrant workers over 50 years old rose from 11.4% to 22.4%, and the proportion of 41-50 years old rose from 18.6% to 25.5%. In terms of "4050" personnel, the scale and proportion of "4050" personnel have basically continued to rise, and they are old, with low academic qualifications and single skills, and are prone to long-term unemployment. Among them, from 2003 to 2018, the proportion of women aged 40-59 to women aged 15-59 increased from 38.0% to 47.5%, and the proportion of men aged 50-59 to men aged 15-59 increased from 16.4% to 22.3%.Together, the proportion of the working-age population aged 15-59 rose from 27.1% to 34.6%.

　　3.3 Policy recommendations

　　Generally speaking, in the face of the complicated and severe internal and external situations such as Sino-US trade friction, high macro leverage ratio, increasing downward pressure on the economy, and the critical period of reform and opening up, it is necessary to strengthen countercyclical adjustment through fiscal and monetary policies, and also to maintain strategic strength to prevent flooding. The most important thing is to unswervingly promote reform and opening up, further liberalize market access, restore entrepreneurial confidence, stimulate new growth points such as new economy and service industry, and promote a virtuous circle of economic growth and employment increase. Specifically:

　　First, further vigorously optimize the business environment, promote the implementation of tax reduction and fee reduction, and smooth financing channels, so as to give full play to the role of enterprises as the main body of stable employment, especially private and small and medium-sized enterprises. Private and small and medium-sized enterprises are the main body to attract employment, but the business environment has deteriorated in the past few years, including being injured to some extent in the past deleveraging, capacity reduction and environmental protection storms, and the continued downturn in exports has increased their survival pressure, coupled with poor financing channels and liquidity stratification. Although the government has issued a number of policies to bail out private and small and medium-sized enterprises, the effect of the policies remains to be seen. Therefore, the proactive fiscal policy should continue to promote the implementation of tax reduction and fee reduction, and the more profitable enterprises are, the more they should "release water to raise fish". Monetary policy should continue to unblock the transmission mechanism from wide money to wide credit, increase the structural reform of financial supply side, and intensify efforts to solve the problems of financing difficulties and high financing for private and small and medium-sized enterprises. In addition, we should continue to vigorously promote innovation and entrepreneurship, increase entrepreneurial support, and promote employment through entrepreneurship.

　　Second, increase the opening up of the service industry, especially the financial, educational, medical and telecommunications industries; Accelerate the construction of metropolitan areas and urban agglomerations with big cities as the core, increase the density and frequency of economically active population to promote agglomeration, and give full play to the role of service industry in absorbing employment. In 2012, the number of employees in the secondary industry in China reached its peak, and then it completely relied on the tertiary industry to absorb the labor transferred from the primary industry and the secondary industry. In 2018, the proportion of employment in the primary, secondary and tertiary industries in China was 26.1%, 27.6% and 46.3% respectively. The proportion of employment in the tertiary industry was far from the average level of 74.5% in high-income economies, and there was a broad space for employment. On the one hand, it is necessary to increase the opening-up of the service industry at home and abroad, and vigorously deregulate it. At present, China’s manufacturing industry is basically open to the outside world, while its service industry is relatively low. There is still a lot of room for opening to the outside world in the fields of automobile, finance, high-end clothing, energy, architectural design, medical care, education, telecommunications, internet, press and publication, radio and television, express delivery and so on. On the other hand, the development of most service industries needs agglomeration more than industrial development. We should accelerate the construction of metropolitan areas and urban agglomerations with big cities as the core, promote the further agglomeration of industries and population, and form an industrial division system in which core cities develop high-end service industries, small and medium-sized cities develop manufacturing industries and some service industries.

　　The third is to promote the stable and healthy development of the real estate market, not only to prevent excessive financial bubble, but also to prevent active puncture from causing major financial risks. Recently, a series of tightening policies for real estate financing have been introduced intensively, from overseas debt, trust and credit to comprehensive tightening. At present, on the one hand, it is necessary to prevent money from releasing water to stimulate the real estate bubble, on the other hand, it is also necessary to prevent active puncture from causing major financial risks. If it is punctured actively, the Sino-US trade friction will not continue. Ten crises and nine real estates, the housing market value in China is about 300 trillion yuan, the stock market is about 60 trillion yuan, and the bond market is about 70 trillion yuan. Old-fashioned seeks the country to exchange time for space, stabilize land prices and stabilize expectations, and use the time window to promote housing system reform and long-term mechanism. At the same time, normal business should be allowed to develop, and irregular business should be carried out step by step, with the front door open and the back door closed, rather than across the board. At present, it is especially necessary to support M&A financing. The merger of unfavorable assets or problematic projects between enterprises is the main force to resolve bad and financial risks, and it is impossible to rely on the state to resolve them.

　　Fourth, solidly promote the large-scale enrollment expansion of higher vocational colleges, implement large-scale vocational skills training, and promote the transformation of labor skills to meet the needs of industrial transformation and upgrading. According to the requirements of the Government Work Report of 2019 on the large-scale enrollment expansion of 1 million people in higher vocational colleges, in May, the Ministry of Education and other six departments jointly issued the Implementation Plan for the Special Work of Enrollment Expansion in Higher Vocational Colleges, emphasizing that "developing higher vocational education is a strategic move to alleviate the current employment pressure and solve the shortage of highly skilled talents", which is mainly aimed at fresh high school graduates, secondary vocational graduates, retired soldiers, laid-off workers and migrant workers. In the same month, the General Office of the State Council issued the Action Plan for Vocational Skills Upgrading (2019-2021), which further emphasized that "vocational skills training is a key measure to maintain employment stability and alleviate structural employment contradictions", and required that more than 50 million subsidized vocational skills trainings be conducted in three years, including more than 15 million in 2019.

This article first appeared on WeChat WeChat official account: Zeping Macro. The content of the article belongs to the author’s personal opinion and does not represent Hexun.com’s position. Investors should operate accordingly, at their own risk.

Early Indian films:

"Caravan" warms a generation in China. The episode of "Wanderer" is widely sung.　

　 　 Indian films have a long history with China audiences. In 1955, The Wanderer directed by Raj Kapoor was translated by changchun film studio and premiered in China, becoming the first film to introduce China. The film was re-released in China in 1978 and swept the country. The episodes "Song of Raz" and "Song of Rita" were widely sung. Since the reform and opening up, a large number of Indian song and dance love movies such as Caravan, Nuli and Cinnabar Love have entered China, especially Caravan, which has a far-reaching influence. aruna irani’s dance and Lata’s singing have warmed the hearts of a generation. After entering the new century, Hollywood movies are coming on a large scale, and Indian movies, together with movies from other countries, are gradually pushed to the edge, which leads to the China audience’s impression of it not being updated in time. All this will be improved with the signing of the China-India film cooperation agreement in 2014.

　 　　At the beginning of its birth, Indian films were dominated by myths and ancient themes, such as King Harish Chandra, Salandri and Light of Asia. In 1931, India’s first sound film "Aram Allah" appeared, interspersed with 10 songs and several dance scenes, which was a great success, and then set off a wave of musical production. Because Indians have a special liking for song and dance performances since ancient times (classical Sanskrit dramas and various folk dramas carry a large number of song and dance performances), and singing and dancing are also a part of their daily life, song and dance passages have since become an indispensable element of Indian films, and the films with wide influence include Wanderer, Caravan, Warm and Warm People, Bollywood Love for Life and Death and so on.

　 　　Nevertheless, there are still many different kinds of films in the history of Indian film. In 1930s, Indian filmmakers studied western artistic techniques and made many films to explore social problems. After the victory of World War II, films such as Doctor Kodi Hua by Sendaram and Son of the Earth by K·A· Abbas represented the rise of Indian national films. In the 1950s and 1960s, satya Kit Rey, BimalRoy and others started the Indian "New Film" movement, focusing on subjects closely related to the people, and won international prizes one after another. This tradition was inherited by "neo-realism" and "social school" writers and lasted until the 1980s and 1990s. Later, historical films and action films with high entertainment value, such as Ashoka and Terrorists, caused great waves in India.

　 　 We often refer to Indian movies as Bollywood movies, but this is not an accurate name. The word "Bollywood" is a combination of "Hollywood" and the first letter of Mumbai’s old English name "Bombay". At first, it refers to the film production base in Mumbai, while "Bollywood film" refers to Hindi films produced here. Indian film industry is composed of Hindi films, Tamil films, Bengali films and other production bases. After the rise in the 1920s and 1930s, the short-lived crisis during World War II, the post-war prosperity, the depression in the 1980s and the resurgence in the 1990s, it has exerted great influence on the culture of the Middle East, Africa, Southeast Asia and even the whole world.

Baidu "Cambodia Bar" is involved in gambling recruitment information.

With "spinach" and "Xiaobai" as code words, Baidu’s post bars are accused of spreading overseas casino recruitment information, recruiting casino promoters, and tricking Chinese people into participating in online gambling in Cambodia and other countries.

A few days ago, some netizens reported to www.thepaper.cn/consumersComplaint.jsp, a complaint platform of The Paper Quality Report, that there were a lot of casino recruitment information in the "Cambodian Bar" of Baidu Post Bar.

According to the investigation in www.thepaper.cn, The Paper, there are a lot of gambling information in Baidu Post Bar, such as Phnom Penh Bar, West Port Bar and Work Bar in Cambodia, with the code words of "recruit push, white", "new handicap, interested private chat", "coordinate west port and Bobei".

The Paper reporters made unannounced visits as applicants. Some posters claiming to work in Cambodian gambling companies said that the personnel they recruited in Baidu Post Bar were mainly engaged in "promotion" work, that is, chatting online, mostly in the name of talking about male and female friends, to trick domestic people into participating in online gambling.

"The more he (the gambler) recharges, the higher your commission. If this thing doesn’t win, it will only lose. If you come, you will be trapped." The poster said.

On the afternoon of May 10th, a staff member of Baidu’s docking domestic media told The Paper that he needed to give feedback to the relevant departments about posting gambling information on the Post Bar, and make a clear investigation before replying.

Before the press release, The Paper checked Baidu’s "Cambodian Bar" again, and there were still a large number of recruitment information released by gaming companies; Baidu has not yet responded to this.

Xing Xin, a lawyer, believes that Baidu Post Bar, as a network operator, should immediately stop transmitting such information, prevent information from spreading, and keep records and report to the relevant authorities.

In addition, lawyer Lou Jing said that if Chinese citizens gather to gamble and open casinos in the surrounding areas outside our country to attract domestic citizens as the main source of tourists, which constitutes a crime of gambling, they can be investigated for criminal responsibility in accordance with the provisions of the Criminal Law.

Baidu "Cambodia Bar" is involved in gambling recruitment information.

Baidu "Cambodia Bar" has become the hardest hit area of "spinach"

On May 8, a netizen in Guangdong reported to The Paper that Baidu’s "Cambodia Bar" published a large number of recruitment information of gaming companies, and this kind of recruitment lured Chinese personnel to Cambodia to engage in gambling-related work by means of "selling heads and getting commissions".

The netizen reported that most of the gambling companies in Cambodia are run by Chinese, and he is currently detained by the company and cannot return to China. However, The Paper contacted the netizen many times, and his phone has been unable to get through.

The Paper noted that Baidu’s "Cambodia Bar" has more than 280,000 followers, and at present there are more than 4 million posts in the post bar. Most of the published contents are "A large number of recruitment and promotion", "Welcome to consult, solve all problems and concerns for all of you, and hope to help all of you who come to Cambodia", "Coordinate Westport, which is developing into a big company, and welcomes all kinds of suspected gambling recruitment information such as Xiaobai and job-hopping personnel".

At the same time, in this post bar, posters often use argots such as "spinach" to replace words such as "gambling". A similar situation exists in Baidu Post Bar, such as Phnom Penh Bar in Cambodia, West Port Bar in Cambodia and Work Bar in Cambodia.

The ID address of the poster in the post bar involved shows that most of them come from domestic provinces and cities. Some posters claim that they are already employees of Cambodian gaming companies. They mainly publish content including recruitment information and working experience in Cambodia.

On May 9th, The Paper released job information as a "job seeker", and received nearly 100 replies in one day, mainly including "Add me to know", "How to contact you", "Group mode, resources provided by the company" and so on.

Through the micro-signal left in the post, a self-proclaimed "Baisha" who works for a gaming company in Cambodia told The Paper that his company holds a legal gaming license from the local government in Cambodia, and the gaming games are all lottery tickets that can be seen in China, such as "Fucai 3D, 11-choice 5, Chongqing Time Lottery", and players can make bets through the website platform.

According to the company recruitment brochure provided by Baisha, the company is now recruiting a large number of talents who can "skillfully operate computers and type more than 45 words per minute" in front desk, online customer service, promotion, personnel and other positions, with the basic salary and job requirements of each position.

In the next few days, according to posters such as "Baisha", in fact, they released such recruitment information, mainly by recruiting "promoters" to lure Chinese people to participate in online gambling in Cambodia. The more gamblers lose, the higher the commission of promoters.

Baidu "Cambodia Bar" is involved in gambling recruitment information.

"Promoters" lure people to gamble in the name of talking about boyfriends and girlfriends.

Another poster, "Meng Jie", also claimed to work for a gaming company in the western port area of Cambodia. He told The Paper that his main job is to "attract people and recruit people", and other positions in the company, such as "promotion", "just sit there and chat every day and fool others into gambling".

According to Meng Jie, the objects of "fudge" are divided into two categories. One is that Cambodian gambling companies directly give employees "resources". These "resources" are generally domestic gambling addicts; "Resources" means that gambling companies spend money to buy information from China and then "wash it out".

For some gambling companies without "resources", "promoters" are needed to attract people.

"To put it bluntly, the girl just wants to fool the man. You are his girlfriend, so that he is willing to register with us and gamble. The more he recharges, the higher your commission. If you don’t win this thing, you will only lose." Meng Jie said.

"Male promotion" usually pretends to be a woman to "attract people" and "entice people by sending some messages, and finally make them willing to gamble." Meng Jie said that these gambling companies in Cambodia all require employees not to participate in gambling, and once they are found, they will be fired.

Meng Jie said that he worked in a gambling company in Cambodia for half a year and pulled more than 30 people from China. Usually, the recruitment information is mainly posted on the Internet. The air tickets and accommodation expenses of candidates are paid by Cambodian gaming companies, and there are also special people to pick them up after arriving in Cambodia.

However, as soon as new applicants arrive in Cambodia, their passports will be taken away. "Because the company is afraid that you won’t be able to do it for a long time, the air tickets and accommodation fees paid in the early stage hit Shui Piao."

Bai Sha said that three months ago, he saw the recruitment information in Baidu Cambodia Bar. Because he "had debts at home, there was no way to decide to go to Cambodia". He said that he was caught in a trap. "Work is not as good as expected. You are caught in a trap. People who come to work here are forced to do it. Most of them are Chinese. After all, the boss is also Chinese, doing domestic business."

Baisha said that there are many small companies under his gaming company group, and a small company is called a handicap. There are more than a dozen handicaps under the group. There are 200 to 300 people in his handicap, and the employees are basically Chinese. Now the group’s handicap is still expanding, and they need to recruit a large number of people from China for the company.

Lawyer: Opening a casino abroad to attract Chinese citizens also constitutes a gambling crime.

On the afternoon of May 10th, a staff member of Baidu Company docking domestic media told The Paper that it was not clear about the gambling recruitment posted by Post Bar, and he needed to give feedback to relevant departments first, and then reply after investigation.

The Paper learned that opening a casino in Cambodia requires an application from the local government, and only after obtaining a business license issued by the Cambodian government can the casino legally exist.

Xing Xin, a lawyer of Hunan Jinzhou Law Firm, believes that according to the relevant provisions of China’s Cyber Security Law, Baidu Post Bar, as a network operator, should strengthen the management of information released by its users. If it finds information prohibited by laws and administrative regulations from being released or transmitted, it should immediately stop transmitting the information, take measures such as elimination, prevent information from spreading, save relevant records, and report to the relevant competent authorities.

In addition, regarding the casinos opened by Chinese people in Cambodia, Xing Xin believes that according to the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate on Several Issues Concerning the Specific Application of Laws in Handling Gambling Criminal Cases, if Chinese citizens gather to gamble and open casinos in the surrounding areas outside our country in order to attract Chinese citizens as the main source of tourists, which constitutes a gambling crime, they can be investigated for criminal responsibility in accordance with the provisions of the Criminal Law and be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention control or fines.

Lou Jing, a lawyer of Beijing Yingke Law Firm, said that such casinos were set up abroad to avoid the criminal accountability of China public security organs and the application of China’s criminal laws, but China citizens can still commit crimes if they commit acts prohibited by China’s criminal law abroad.

Lou Jing believes that according to the first paragraph of Article 7 of the Criminal Law, "People’s Republic of China (PRC) citizens who commit crimes stipulated in this law outside the territory of People’s Republic of China (PRC) shall be subject to this law, but if the maximum penalty stipulated in this law is fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, they may not be investigated."

Lou Jing said that if most of the gamblers who bet on the websites of Cambodian gambling companies are Chinese, and the settlement and circulation of gambling funds also occur in China, and some criminal acts are committed in China, they can be regarded as criminal acts according to China’s criminal law.

On the afternoon of May 15th, The Paper browsed the Baidu Post Bar again and found that there were still a lot of gambling-related recruitment information. Before the deadline for publication, The Paper repeatedly called the switchboard of Baidu Company, but the line was busy. Baidu has not yet responded to this.

Case: Opening a casino overseas to attract Chinese people to gamble was sentenced to three years and six months.

On May 15th, The Paper searched the non-litigation network with the keywords of "opening a casino overseas" and "online gambling", and found that there were five related criminal proceedings, including four judgments in the first instance and one ruling in the second instance.

In the five judgments, all the defendants were sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment ranging from one year to three years and six months, and fined a certain amount for opening a casino abroad for the purpose of making profits, soliciting and organizing China citizens to the scene or conducting online gambling.

A judgment of the People’s Court of pinghu city, Zhejiang Province on September 19, 2018 shows that the defendant Liu and others organized domestic people to gamble abroad and settle their gambling funds in China by opening casinos in Laos and other places, or used the Internet and mobile communication terminals to transmit gambling videos and data and organize gambling activities. The accumulated gambling funds were more than 67 million yuan, which is a serious case. His behavior has constituted the crime of opening casinos. The court of first instance made a ruling after trial and sentenced Liu to three years in prison.

In addition, a judgment of the People’s Court of Taoshan District, qitaihe city, Heilongjiang Province on December 29, 2016 also shows that when the public security organs investigated the Maizayang Maida Company in Myanmar in handling the mega-cross-border online gambling case, they found that Chen Mou and Liang Moumou from Maoming, Guangdong Province had successively opened new Asian and new international casinos in Maizayang, Myanmar.

After trial, the court held that the defendant Liu and others opened casinos abroad mainly to attract People’s Republic of China (PRC) citizens as the main customers, and used the Internet and mobile communication terminals to transmit gambling videos, organized domestic citizens to make dividends in online gambling casinos or serve as managers, or helped casinos collect and turnover gambling funds, or accepted bets from mainly domestic gamblers to earn illegal profits.

The Taoshan District Court of qitaihe city made a ruling in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Criminal Law. The defendants Chen Mou, Liang Moumou and Liu Moumou were convicted of opening a casino, sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment ranging from three years to one year, and fined RMB 100,000 to 3 million, with suspended execution.

In 2018 and 2019, the key words of Ford Motor Company could not be avoided. But ask yourself, how did Ford go into decline?

After seeing the following complaint from the owner of Fujie, Xiao Bian is convinced that it is closely related to the poor product quality.

Recently, Xiao Bian learned that a complaint from a car owner in Fujie showed that in just two years from July 2016 to the present, the car has been on the road of maintenance, and the problem has not been repaired so far. The car owner also revealed all the bad things from buying a car to the present.

Full of "16 sins":

1. I bought a car in July 2016, but the new car failed to get a flat tire in January due to the problem of Goodyear tire groove, and the 4s manufacturer’s claim was fruitless.

2. The daughter-in-law drove the baby to stop at the school gate, and the sudden brake system failed, and the flameout was restarted.

3. A month later, the instrument engine fault light came on, and the 4s shop checked that it was a problem with the rear oxygen sensor, so the claim was handled.

4. Driving at a low speed rattled the front of the car. After two inspections, there was no result. After that, I went to brake maintenance to reduce the abnormal noise. The local 4s shop said that there was no way.

5. At the beginning of 2017, when I was on a business trip, I passed the Liupanshan high-speed brake jitter and the directional body jitter. I called the 4s shop and said that it was a brake disc problem. I didn’t want to change the brake disc for a new car, so I didn’t care. After the jitter was not so obvious on the way back, I basically didn’t open it.

6. The headlights automatically light up during the day. After going to the 4s shop to check the problem of the left front headlight module, they took other headlight modules for test drive. I said it would take time to claim compensation. You will slowly claim compensation from the manufacturer.

7. Brake tubing recall.

8. The skylight leaks and is recalled.

9. In 2018, there was no high beam manufacturer to upgrade the headlights, and the 4s shop said that the headlights and claims could only be made if they were not lit again.

10. Every time I refueled, I felt that the quantity was wrong. I told the manufacturer that the 69-liter fuel tank was wrong. I went to 4s and said it was a carbon tank problem, so I claimed for compensation.

11. The engine fault light came on. I went to 4s to check that the front oxygen sensor was broken, and claimed for compensation.

12. When changing the carbon canister, I mentioned to 4s that he said that the fuel consumption was extremely high and there might be problems with the oxygen sensor. After replacing the carbon canister, my oil consumption interface was filled with oil and cleared, and the oil consumption was still 20 oil in the urban area.

(I remember running 260 to 280 kilometers for a box of oil), go to 4s and clean the throttle and nozzle as they say. When I’m done, I’ll clear it to 20, and then I’ll go to 4 S. They said there was something wrong with my spark plug and asked me to replace it.

I said, "it can be replaced. I won’t pay the money until the problem is solved. After the fuel consumption is cleared, the fuel consumption is still high. Later, the NGK (gold spark plug) I changed outside was going to return to Fujian for a long distance, but the fuel consumption was still not handled.

13. At the high speed, the cruising range can only be displayed at 520 to 550 every time after filling up with oil. Pingliang to Fujian is 2100 kilometers, and I added 5 oil returns, with a cost of about 1700.

14. On the way back to my hometown, when the speed exceeds 80, the brakes obviously feel the body shaking and the direction shaking. On the way, there are two or three times of shaking, and it feels like a rollover. At that time, the brakes were not trampled.

15. The sunroof, central control, headlights and sunroof keys are out of order. After more than a year, I forgot to handle them every time I went to the 4s shop. After all, it was a minor problem.

16. Go back to my hometown to Pingliang and refuel 1800. When I went to Ford 4s computer to check and read the data, I failed to deal with the fuel consumption problem. When I was lifting the chassis to check the engine fuel tank, the right front wheel rod was linked to an oil seal of the gearbox and leaked oil, and then I claimed for compensation. Brake jitter problem 4s claims with manufacturers are fruitless.

In addition, I took a photo when I filled it with oil, and I lost one grid of oil on the oil meter, only running 56 kilometers. It’s only 2 yuan a kilometer downtown for this fuel consumption. Since 2016, how many manufacturers have seen the problem themselves.

I replaced the new brake pads at my own expense, but they replaced the solenoid valve. The problem was still frustrated between the first and third gears. I changed the gearbox oil for 40,000 kilometers, thinking that the problem could be solved. The problem still existed, and the brake disc rattled behind me. They gave me a protective agent and had to deal with it. This is a common problem. The carbon canister is broken again, and I claim a new one, and the fuel consumption is still high.

I asked to replace the front and rear oxygen sensors, and the fuel consumption was still touching. Later, I replaced the solenoid valve of a carbon canister at my own expense, and the fuel consumption was still high. I recalled the airbag this year, and I changed it inside, and the high-pressure oil pump was also replaced with a new one. The fuel consumption is still so touching.

Ford’s advertisement is good … endless ~ it should be endless.

The fuel consumption is high. I have been repairing it for more than a year, but I can’t fix it well. Changan Ford has been ignoring it after sale. I have been asking the manufacturer’s technical engineer to come over and help me solve the problem. The 4s shop said that the fuel consumption is not a fault.　

How do you feel when you see what happened to this car owner? Still buying it?

It is said that the fuel consumption of American cars is high, but the blessing industry is too high! Besides, the quality of this car has been repaired so many times, shouldn’t it be replaced for this consumer?