Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, September 27th-the State Council Press Office released a white paper entitled "China and the World in the New Era" on September 27th. The full text is as follows:
China and the World in the New Era
(September 2019)
People’s Republic of China (PRC)
the State Council Information Office
catalogue
foreword
First, China has embarked on a development path in line with national conditions.
(1) China’s development depends on self-reliance and hard work.
(B) China’s development in the interaction with the world.
(3) The development of China has injected positive energy into world peace and development.
(D) China Road conforms to China’s national conditions and meets the requirements of the times.
Second, the development of China is an opportunity for the world.
(A) China is the main stabilizer and power source of world economic growth.
(2) All-round opening-up will create more opportunities for countries to share the "China dividend"
(C) China provides more public goods for the international community.
(D) China’s development provides experience and reference for other developing countries.
(5) China will never take the road of "national power will dominate"
3. Building a prosperous and beautiful world is the common dream of people of all countries.
(A) The world today is in a great change that has never happened in a century.
(2) Building Community of Shared Future for Mankind
(C) building a new type of international relations
(D) to promote new economic globalization
(V) Maintaining the international system with the United Nations at its core.
(6) Promoting exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations.
Fourth, China contributes to building a better world.
(1) Promoting world peace and development through its own development.
(2) Adhere to win-win cooperation and common development.
(3) Firmly safeguard and promote economic globalization.
(D) Actively develop global partnerships.
(5) Firmly support multilateralism and safeguard international fairness and justice.
(6) Actively participate in leading the reform and construction of the global governance system.
Concluding remarks
foreword
This year marks the 70th anniversary of the founding of People’s Republic of China (PRC).
Over the past 70 years, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, earth-shaking changes have taken place in China, creating an unprecedented development miracle in human history. It took China several decades to complete the development process that developed countries have gone through for hundreds of years, and its economic aggregate jumped to the second place in the world. Nearly 1.4 billion people got rid of the material shortage, and generally reached a well-off level, enjoying unprecedented dignity and rights. This is not only a great change in China, but also a great progress in human society, and it is also a great contribution of China to world peace and development.
China is still the largest developing country in the world. The basic national conditions of a large population and a weak foundation have not changed. China still faces a series of severe challenges, and the people of China need to continue to work hard.
The world today is in a great change that has never happened in a century. Human society is full of hope and challenges. World multi-polarization, economic globalization, cultural diversity and social informatization are developing in depth, and peace and development are still the themes of the times. At the same time, deep-seated global contradictions are prominent and instability and uncertainty are increasing. It is the common aspiration of people of all countries to build Community of Shared Future for Mankind and a better world.
China’s development has entered a new era. China’s influence on the world has never been so comprehensive, profound and long-term as it is today; The world’s attention to China has never been as extensive, deep and focused as it is today. Where does China come from and where is it going? What kind of world is China promoting? How does the developed China get along with the world? In order to respond to external concerns and enhance the international community’s knowledge and understanding of China’s development, the China Municipal Government issued this white paper on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the founding of People’s Republic of China (PRC).
First, China has embarked on a development path in line with national conditions.
China is a big country with a civilization history of more than 5,000 years, and it has been at the forefront of the world for a long time. After modern times, China fell into a dangerous situation of poverty and weakness, internal troubles and foreign invasion, and even national extinction. The people of China are always indomitable and struggling, and always dream of achieving national prosperity, national rejuvenation and people’s happiness. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the people of China, through arduous struggles, established a new China on the basis of a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, realized national independence and people’s liberation, and the Chinese nation entered a new era of development. Over the past 70 years, the people of China have worked hard to explore and forge ahead. In the 5,000-year history and culture of the Chinese nation, on the basis of summing up the experience and lessons of the 500-year socialism and the 170-year prosperity of the Chinese nation in modern times, and in the great practice of China’s revolution, construction and reform, they have successfully opened up the Socialism with Chinese characteristics road and achieved remarkable development achievements.
(1) China’s development depends on self-reliance and hard work.
At the beginning of the founding of New China, it was faced with a devastated mess that experienced more than 100 years of war. The country was poor, the people lived in extreme poverty, the industrial and agricultural foundation was very weak, and the national economy nearly collapsed. It is more difficult for the people of China to survive and develop than they can imagine. Over the past 70 years, the people of China have started from scratch, made self-reliance and worked hard to create a new world.
The economic strength has been significantly enhanced. From 1952 to 2018, the industrial added value of China increased from 12 billion yuan to 30,516 billion yuan, an increase of 970 times at constant prices, with an average annual growth rate of 11%; The GDP increased from 67.9 billion yuan to 90 trillion yuan, 174 times at constant prices, with an average annual growth rate of 8.1%; The per capita GDP increased from 119 yuan to 64,644 yuan in 2018, an increase of 70 times at constant prices. According to the data of the World Bank, at the market exchange rate, the economic scale of China in 2018 was US$ 13.6 trillion, second only to US$ 20.5 trillion. At present, China is the only country in the world with all industrial categories in the United Nations Industrial Classification Catalogue, and the output of many industrial products ranks first in the world. Remarkable achievements have been made in scientific and technological development. Major scientific and technological achievements such as "two bombs and one satellite", manned spaceflight, super hybrid rice, high-performance computer, synthetic bovine insulin, artemisinin and high-speed railway have provided strong support for economic and social development. Foreign trade continues to increase. In 2009, China became the world’s largest exporter and second largest importer of goods, and in 2013, it became the world’s largest country in goods trade. Since the reform and opening up, the introduction of foreign capital in China has greatly increased, and it has increasingly become a hot spot to attract global investment. China has become the world’s second largest economy, the largest manufacturing country, the largest commodity trade country, the second largest commodity consumption country, the second largest foreign capital inflow country and the largest foreign exchange reserve country (Table 1).
Chart: Table 1 China’s economic strength has been greatly improved by Xinhua News Agency.
People’s lives have greatly improved. After long-term efforts, the people of China are moving towards an all-round well-off society, from hunger and cold to food and clothing to overall well-off society (Table 2). According to the current rural poverty standards, the number of rural poor in China decreased from 770 million in 1978 to 16.6 million in 2018, and the incidence of rural poverty decreased from 97.5% to 1.7%, a decrease of 95.8 percentage points (Figure 1), creating a miracle in the history of human poverty reduction (Box 1). China has initially established the largest social security system in the world, covering the largest population, including pension, medical care, subsistence allowances, housing, education and other areas of people’s livelihood. By the end of 2018, there were 419.02 million people participating in the basic old-age insurance for urban workers, 196.43 million people participating in unemployment insurance, 238.74 million people participating in industrial injury insurance, more than 900 million people covered by basic old-age insurance and more than 1.3 billion people covered by basic medical insurance, basically achieving universal medical insurance. 70 years ago, the average life expectancy in China was 35 years, and it reached 77 years in 2018, far higher than the world average life expectancy of 72 years. Over the past 70 years, the spiritual outlook of the people in China has undergone profound changes, the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation has been fully carried forward, the values of contemporary China have been widely spread, and the spiritual life of the people in China has become richer and more active. According to the global report on people’s livelihood and welfare released by Boston Consulting Group, China’s ranking has risen by 25 places in the past 10 years, making the fastest progress among the 152 countries surveyed. (Note 1)
Chart: Table 2 People’s living standards have been greatly improved by Xinhua News Agency.
Chart: Figure 1: Incidence rate of rural poverty in China since 1978 by Xinhua News Agency.
Chart: Column 1 China has made great achievements in poverty alleviation. Xinhua News Agency issued
International status and international influence have improved significantly. In 1971, China resumed its legal seat in the United Nations and played a more active role in international affairs. In April and May 1980, China resumed its legal seats in the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. In 2001, China joined the World Trade Organization and participated in international economic and trade exchanges and cooperation more extensively and deeply. China has made many friends in the international community, and has established diplomatic relations with 179 countries and established 110 pairs of partnerships in various forms. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China has put forward an initiative to promote the construction of Community of Shared Future for Mankind and jointly build a "the belt and road initiative", which has been included in many UN resolutions and has been widely recognized and positively responded by the international community.
China’s development achievements are the result of hard work. For China, a big country with a population of nearly 1.4 billion, the good times can’t wait or not, so there is no other way but to struggle. The development of China relies on the hard-working spirit of "800 million shirts for a Boeing". Several generations have kept fighting and paid unimaginable hard work and sweat; Relying on the spirit of "carrying your own burden", regardless of prosperity or adversity, we will not export problems, pass on contradictions, and develop ourselves by buying and selling hard and plundering other countries; Relying on the exploration spirit of "crossing the river by feeling the stones", we don’t follow the old road of imperialism and colonialism, and don’t copy the development model of western countries. Instead, we combine the reality of China, sum up experiences and lessons, learn from human civilization, and dare to try and blaze a new trail.
(B) China’s development in the interaction with the world.
China is China of the world, and the development of China is closely linked with the world. In the early days of the founding of New China, efforts were made to break the external blockade and actively carry out foreign exchanges in the fields of economy, trade and culture. Since the reform and opening up, China has actively followed the trend of globalization, adhered to the basic national policy of opening to the outside world, opened its doors for construction, embraced the world, learned from the world, contributed to the world, and interacted well with the world for common development.
Large-scale "please come in". China, which has opened its doors, is full of vigor and vitality. The international community is optimistic about the development of China. More and more countries are cooperating with China. More and more foreign enterprises are investing in China, and more and more foreigners are coming to China for study, work and sightseeing. From 1978 to 2018, China attracted a total of 2,034.3 billion US dollars of non-financial foreign direct investment and established nearly 1 million foreign-invested enterprises. In 2018, more than 492,000 foreign students came to China to study. After China’s entry into the World Trade Organization, China has participated in economic globalization to improve its quality and speed (Box 2). From 2001 to 2018, China’s imports of goods increased from US$ 243.6 billion to US$ 2,135.8 billion, with an average annual growth rate of 13.6%, 6.8 percentage points higher than the global average; The import volume of service trade increased from $39.3 billion to $525 billion, with an average annual growth rate of 16.5%, accounting for 9.4% of the total import volume of global service trade.
Chart: Column 2 The position of a big trading country is increasingly consolidated by Xinhua News Agency
Stride "going out". From economic and trade investment to people-to-people exchanges, from official to non-governmental, China has gone global with unprecedented speed, breadth and depth, and carried out all-round, wide-ranging and multi-level foreign exchanges and cooperation. In 2018, China’s foreign direct investment reached US$ 143.04 billion, 53 times that of 2002, with an average annual growth rate of 28.2%. Foreign trade has increased year by year. From 1978 to 2018, China’s foreign trade totaled 52,192.11 billion US dollars. In 2018, the export volume of trade in goods and services reached $2,486.7 billion and $266.8 billion respectively. In recent years, China has continuously maintained its position as the world’s largest source of outbound tourists. In 2018, China citizens made nearly 150 million outbound trips.
Develop yourself and benefit the world. Opening to the outside world has brought capital, advanced technology and management experience to China, changed people’s ideas in China, stimulated people’s creative enthusiasm in China, and significantly improved the level of modernization in China. At the same time, China’s open development has provided a broad market for other countries. China opened its investment and service trade, which promoted local economic growth and employment. China actively participates in the international division of labor and promotes a more rational allocation of global resources. The quality of China’s export products is excellent, which meets the international market demand, reduces public expenditure and reduces inflationary pressure. China people have traveled all over the world, which has greatly promoted exchanges and mutual learning between China and foreign countries.
(3) The development of China has injected positive energy into world peace and development.
China’s road not only has distinctive China characteristics, but also has broad and lofty world vision and profound and broad human feelings. Over the past 70 years, the people of China have worked hard through self-reliance. While achieving self-development, they have contributed to world peace and injected impetus into the common development of all countries.
China contributes wisdom to world peace and development. At the beginning of the founding of New China, an independent foreign policy of peace was established, which injected peace energy into the post-war international structure. In 1950s, the five principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other’s internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence jointly advocated by China, India and Myanmar became the basic norms of international relations and the basic principles of international law, which effectively safeguarded the rights and interests of developing countries and played an important role in promoting the establishment of a just and rational international political and economic order. In recent years, focusing on the development and changes of the international situation, China has put forward a series of important ideas and initiatives, such as promoting the construction of Community of Shared Future for Mankind, promoting the construction of new international relations, building a "the belt and road initiative", a correct view of justice and interests, a new security view, a global governance view and a civilization view, which have contributed to the China wisdom and China’s plan for safeguarding world peace and promoting common development.
China takes practical actions to safeguard world peace. Over the past 70 years, China has never initiated any war or conflict, and has never occupied an inch of other countries’ land. Since the reform and opening up, China has taken the initiative to reduce the number of military personnel by more than 4 million. China actively participates in the international arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation process, opposes the arms race and maintains global strategic balance and stability. China has signed or acceded to 20 multilateral arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation treaties, including the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. China has become the second largest contributor to the United Nations peacekeeping budget and the regular budget, and the largest contributor to the permanent members of the Security Council (Box 3). In 2015, China announced the establishment of the China-United Nations Peace and Development Fund with a total amount of US$ 1 billion for 10 years, which was officially put into operation in 2016. China has always been committed to dealing with territorial issues and maritime delimitation disputes through negotiation and consultation, and has completely solved land boundary issues with 12 of its 14 neighboring countries, delineating the maritime boundary between China and Vietnam in the Beibu Gulf, which has opened up a brand-new road for peaceful settlement of historical issues between countries and international disputes. China has actively participated in solving major international and regional hotspot issues and played a constructive role.
Chart: Column 3 China actively supports UN peacekeeping operations by Xinhua News Agency.
China actively promotes global common development. As the largest developing country in the world, China has always been an advocate, promoter and practitioner of global poverty reduction and development. While striving to achieve self-development and eradicate poverty, we will actively carry out South-South cooperation, provide assistance to other developing countries without any political conditions, and support and help the vast number of developing countries, especially the least developed countries, to eradicate poverty. Over the past 60 years, China has provided nearly 400 billion yuan in aid to 166 countries and international organizations, dispatched more than 600,000 aid workers, and more than 700 people have given their lives for the development of other countries. It has announced seven times that it will unconditionally forgive the government interest-free loan debts of heavily indebted poor countries and least developed countries due to China. China has actively provided medical assistance to 69 countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean and Oceania, and has helped more than 120 developing countries to implement the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. Actively participate in the UN consultations on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, do a good job in domestic implementation, take the lead in publishing country programmes and progress reports on the implementation of the Agenda, and achieve early gains in many fields. Under the framework of South-South cooperation, help other developing countries to implement the agenda. The China-United Nations Peace and Development Fund’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Sub-fund has successfully implemented 27 projects in the past three years, benefiting 49 countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, and injecting strong impetus into the global implementation of the agenda. In 2015, China announced the establishment of the South-South Cooperation Assistance Fund. By 2018,More than 200 development cooperation projects related to disaster relief, health, women and children, refugees and environmental protection have been implemented in more than 30 countries in Asia, Africa and America.
(D) China Road conforms to China’s national conditions and meets the requirements of the times.
The road determines fate, and the choice of development path is very important to the success or failure of a country. There is no precedent in human history for a big country with a population of nearly 1.4 billion to realize modernization. China must follow its own path. Over the past 70 years, China has achieved great success in its development, and the fundamental reason is that it has found the correct development path of Socialism with Chinese characteristics and unswervingly followed it.
This is a road established from the national conditions of our country. China, based on its own national conditions and practice, draws wisdom from Chinese civilization, absorbs the strengths of eastern and western schools, sticks to it without being rigid, draws lessons from it without copying it, and forms its own development path through constant exploration.
This is a road that puts people’s interests first. In New China, the people are truly masters of the country. Over the past 70 years, China has adhered to the people-centered development thought, taking people’s yearning for a better life as the goal, taking improving people’s lives, enhancing people’s well-being and safeguarding people’s democratic rights as the starting point and the end result, seeking development impetus among the people, relying on the people to promote development and make development benefit the people.
This is a road of reform and innovation. There is no ready-made model for the development of China, and there is no ready-made road for reference. The people of China are enterprising, dare to break through the difficulties and challenges encountered in their progress through reform and innovation, break down the institutional and institutional obstacles that hinder development, constantly emancipate and develop social productive forces, constantly emancipate and enhance social vitality, constantly improve and develop the Socialism with Chinese characteristics system, and promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity.
This is a road to seek common development in opening up. China adheres to the basic national policy of opening to the outside world, pursues a win-win opening strategy, constantly enhances the internal and external linkage of development, benefits other countries and people more while realizing its own development, realizes a great historical turning point from closed and semi-closed to all-round opening, participates in and promotes the process of economic globalization, and promotes the lofty cause of human peace and development.
This is a road to rule the country according to law in an all-round way. China regards the rule of law as the basic strategy of state governance, and insists on the joint promotion of rule of law, ruling by law and administration by law, and the integration of a country ruled by law, a government ruled by law and a society ruled by law, so as to provide a fundamental, overall and long-term institutional guarantee for national development, ensure that the country is both vibrant and orderly in profound changes, and ensure long-term stability of the country.
In the past 70 years, the success of China’s development is fundamentally due to the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership. China is huge, its national conditions are complex, and its governance difficulty is rare in the world. Without centralized, unified and strong leadership, China will split and disintegrate, which will bring disaster to the world. The Communist Party of China (CPC) became the core leading force of China and won the support of the people for a long time, because the initial intention of building the party was not for the private interests of one party, but for the happiness of the people of China, the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, the peace and development of mankind and long-term persistence; It is to constantly strengthen self-construction, have a strong leadership core, be guided by scientific theories, have strict discipline and rules, and have a mechanism of selecting talents and appointing people, thus maintaining the stability, advancement and purity of the party; It lies in both the strategic planning ability of the country’s long-term development and the strong implementation ability of specific policies; It is to keep pace with the times, be enlightened and open, neither forget the original nor absorb foreign countries, and has strong cohesion, organization and appeal.
Over the past 70 years, China has overcome all kinds of risks and challenges, and created one miracle after another in China that attracts worldwide attention. Especially since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China has made historic achievements and changes in its development, and the Chinese nation has made a great leap from standing up, becoming rich and becoming strong, which is closer to the great goal of national rejuvenation than at any time in history. This development path of China will show more and more bright development prospects with the progress of the times (Box 4).
Chart: Column 4 People at home and abroad are optimistic about the future development of China. Xinhua News Agency issued
After 70 years of development, China has made great achievements, but the basic national conditions of China, which is still in the primary stage of socialism for a long time, and China’s international status as the largest developing country in the world have not changed. There is still a long way to go to solve the contradiction between the people’s growing need for a better life and the unbalanced development, so that nearly 1.4 billion people can live a prosperous life, and they still need to make long-term and arduous efforts.
Second, the development of China is an opportunity for the world.
With the rapid improvement of China’s comprehensive national strength and international influence, some people in the world are worried that China will take the road of "national power will dominate", and some people put forward the so-called "China threat theory". This has both cognitive misunderstanding, deep-rooted prejudice, psychological imbalance caused by the rise and fall of power, and deliberate distortion to safeguard their vested interests. Realizing national prosperity, national rejuvenation and people’s happiness is not only the dream of China people, but also the common dream of people of all countries. The development of China is an opportunity for the world, not a threat or a challenge.
(A) China is the main stabilizer and power source of world economic growth.
From 1979 to 2018, China’s economy developed rapidly at an average annual rate of 9.4%, becoming an important engine of global economic growth. In 2008, the world suffered a serious financial crisis, and the world economy was hit hard. China took a series of effective measures to successfully deal with the crisis, and its economy rebounded rapidly, and maintained a medium-high speed growth, becoming the main stabilizer and power source of world economic growth.
China is the biggest contributor to world economic growth. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China has implemented the new development concept of innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing, adapted, grasped and led the new normal of economic development, strengthened supply-side structural reform, maintained sustained and healthy economic development, and continuously improved its quality and efficiency. In the past three years, China’s total economic output has continuously crossed 700,000, 800,000 and 90 trillion yuan, accounting for nearly 16% of the world economy. From 2013 to 2018, China’s average contribution rate to world economic growth exceeded 28.1%. The relevant calculation results show that, in 2013-2016, if there is no China factor, the average annual growth rate of the world economy will slow down by 0.6 percentage points and the fluctuation intensity will increase by 5.2%. According to the report released by McKinsey Global Institute, from 2000 to 2017, the comprehensive dependence index of the world on China’s economy gradually increased from 0.4 to 1.2, and China contributed 35% of the global manufacturing output. (Note 2)
China’s scientific and technological innovation injects new kinetic energy into world economic growth. In recent years, the investment in science and technology in China has been increasing, and major scientific and technological innovations have emerged. In 2018, China’s R&D expenditure accounted for 2.19% of GDP. According to the global innovation index released by the World Intellectual Property Organization, in 2019, China’s national innovation capacity ranked 14th in the world, three places higher than that in 2018 (Box 5), making it the only middle-income economy to enter the top 20. (Note 3) In the high-tech field, China is catching up, with quantum communication, supercomputing, aerospace, artificial intelligence, the fifth generation mobile communication network (5G), mobile payment, new energy vehicles, high-speed railways, financial technology and so on in the world leading position. The wide application of scientific and technological innovations in China has brought more convenience to people in other countries’ production and life, and injected new momentum into world economic growth.
Chart: Column 5 Relevant international organizations and foreign institutions positively evaluate China’s scientific and technological innovation. Xinhua News Agency issued
In the future, the stabilizer and power source of China’s economy will play a more prominent role. At present, the momentum of world economic growth is insufficient, and a sound China economy is becoming more and more important to the world. China’s economy is shifting from high-speed growth to high-quality development. New industrialization, informationization, urbanization and agricultural modernization are accelerating, economic structure is deeply adjusted, industrial optimization is continuously upgraded, and new economic growth points are constantly emerging. In 2018, the urbanization rate of permanent residents in China will reach 59.6%. In the future, the urbanization level of population will increase steadily, and the permanent population in cities and towns will continue to increase, which will bring extensive demand in infrastructure, real estate, new retail, medical and health care, education, culture and entertainment, and provide an important engine for economic development. New industries and new formats have risen rapidly. In 2018, the added value of high-tech manufacturing, strategic emerging industries and equipment manufacturing increased by 11.7%, 8.9% and 8.1% respectively over the previous year. New energy vehicles, smart TVs, lithium-ion batteries and integrated circuits increased by 66.2%, 17.7%, 12.9% and 11.2% respectively; The growth rate of information service industry was as high as 30.7% year-on-year, and the growth rate of sub-industries such as mobile games, online shopping, car-sharing platform, travel platform and big data cloud computing reached 30%-50%. A number of unicorn enterprises were born in each sub-industry. According to the research report of McKinsey Global Institute, by 2040, the integration of China and other economies in the world is expected to create an economic value of 22 trillion to 37 trillion US dollars, equivalent to 15%-26% of the global economy, and other economies in the world will strengthen cooperation with China.Will create great economic value. (Note 4)
China’s economy and the world economy have undergone structural changes and are deeply integrated. China, with more stable economic operation, higher growth quality and promising growth prospects, is good for the world economic development for a long time (Box 6). It is neither feasible nor harmful to regard China’s economic development as a "threat" nor a "challenge" and try to push China out of the global industrial chain, supply chain and value chain, so as to "decouple" China from the world economy.
Chart: Column 6 International institutions are optimistic about China’s economic development prospects. Xinhua News Agency issued
(2) All-round opening-up will create more opportunities for countries to share the "China dividend"
China unswervingly pursues the win-win opening-up strategy and opens to the outside world with greater intensity and higher level. A safe and stable political environment, a large number of consumers with escalating demands, all-round and hard-working workers, a sound and comprehensive infrastructure, fair competition and a legalized, internationalized and convenient business environment provide countries with a broader market, more capital, more products and more opportunities for cooperation. China has always been an important promoter of global openness and a vibrant market for countries to expand business opportunities.
China has the most potential consumer market in the world. China is both a "world factory" and a "global market". China has a population of nearly 1.4 billion and 400 million middle-income groups, and its market size is the largest in the world. China’s sustained and healthy economic development has brought extensive demand in many fields and provided an important engine for economic development. China has a huge consumption space and potential, and the consumption upgrading trend is obvious. The consumption growth rate exceeds the investment in fixed assets, and the consumption gradient effect is prominent, and consumption contributes more and more to the economy (Box 7). According to the report released by McKinsey Global Institute, China is the largest market in the world in many categories such as automobiles, alcohol and mobile phones, and its consumption accounts for about 30% of the total global consumption. (Note 5) The huge consumer demand provides a huge market for all countries in the world. In the next 15 years, China will import more than 30 trillion US dollars and 10 trillion US dollars respectively.
Chart: Column 7 The consumption upgrade trend is obvious. Xinhua News Agency issued
China is the most attractive investment destination. China has a labor force of nearly 900 million people, more than 700 million employees, 170 million high-quality talents with higher education and vocational education, and more than 8 million college graduates every year. The talent bonus is huge. China constantly optimizes the business environment to provide foreign producers and investors with a broader space and a better business environment (Box 8). China has implemented a high-level trade and investment liberalization and facilitation policy, enacted the Foreign Investment Law, fully implemented the pre-entry national treatment plus negative list management system, continuously relaxed market access, and made great efforts to create a new highland for opening up. China has strengthened the protection of intellectual property rights, further improved its institutional mechanisms, laws and regulations, and improved its innovative protection system in line with international economic and trade rules, so as to provide more powerful and effective protection for investors and obligees. According to the World Investment Report 2019 of UNCTAD, global foreign direct investment continued its downward trend in 2018, with a scale of 13% lower than that of the previous year. However, China achieved contrarian growth and remained the second largest foreign capital inflow country in the world. (Note 6) In the first half of 2019, the actually used foreign capital in China was 478.33 billion yuan, up 7.2% year-on-year, especially in high-tech manufacturing and high-tech service industries, showing its strong attraction to foreign capital.
Chart: Column 8 Continuous improvement of business environment Xinhua News Agency issued
Going out on a larger scale will benefit more countries. China enterprises actively participate in international competition and cooperation, carry out global trade and investment activities in a deeper and broader way, and make contributions to promoting economic growth and expanding local employment in the host country. A survey report on China’s investment in Africa by the School of Asian and African Studies (SOAS) of University of London shows that the employment rate of local employees in Ethiopian China enterprises’ construction sites and factories is over 90%, and China enterprises have created a lot of employment opportunities for Africa. (Note 7) It is estimated that China’s foreign trade in goods will reach US$ 25 trillion in the next five years. As China opens wider to the outside world, more and more enterprises will invest abroad, and more and more China people will study, work and travel abroad. China actively promotes scientific and technological innovation to the world, so that technological development and innovation will benefit not only China but also the world, and more people will enjoy the convenience and benefits brought by scientific and technological development (Box 9).
Chart: Column 9 China Science and Technology Innovation Benefits the World Case Xinhua News Agency issued
Opening up should be two-way and mutually beneficial, not one-way and one side benefits. Mutual benefit can last for a long time. China promises to continuously expand imports, relax market access, improve business environment and strengthen intellectual property protection. Other countries should also open wider to the outside world and take corresponding measures to improve their business environment. Only when all parties move in the opposite direction can we create an open, inclusive, inclusive, balanced and win-win development environment, jointly make the "cake" of development bigger and bigger, and form a mutually beneficial and win-win interest community.
(C) China provides more public goods for the international community.
The Chinese nation has always had the feeling of building its own talents and helping the world. China’s development has benefited from the international community, and it has never forgotten to give back to the international family and provide more and better public goods for the international community.
Promote high-quality co-construction of "the belt and road initiative". The "the belt and road initiative" initiative is based on the principle of discussing, building and sharing, guided by the Silk Road spirit of peaceful cooperation, openness and tolerance, mutual learning and mutual benefit, and focused on policy communication, facility connectivity, smooth trade, financial intermediation and popular support. It has been transformed from concept to action, from vision to reality, and from initiative to global popular public goods (Box 10). In November 2016, the United Nations adopted a resolution welcoming economic cooperation initiatives such as the the belt and road initiative. In March 2017, the UN Security Council resolution called on all countries to promote the construction of "the belt and road initiative" and build Community of Shared Future for Mankind. The "the belt and road initiative" initiative originated in China, and the opportunities and achievements belong to the world. According to the research report of the World Bank, the "the belt and road initiative Initiative" will lift 7.6 million people out of extreme poverty and 32 million out of moderate poverty in relevant countries, and will increase the trade of participating countries by 2.8% to 9.7%, global trade by 1.7% to 6.2% and global income by 0.7% to 2.9%. (Note 8) The "the belt and road initiative" Initiative is a veritable road of resource sharing, common prosperity and common development.
Chart: Column 10 "the belt and road initiative" Initiative has achieved fruitful results. Xinhua News Agency issued
Build a platform for multilateral dialogue and cooperation. China firmly supports multilateralism, advocates that international affairs should be discussed by all countries, and actively builds a platform for multilateral dialogue and cooperation in the political, economic, security and humanities fields. The belt and road initiative International Cooperation Summit Forum, China International Import Expo, Hongqiao International Economic Forum, China-Africa Cooperation Forum, China-Arab Cooperation Forum, China-Latin America Forum, Boao Forum for Asia, China-ASEAN Expo, China-Arab Countries Expo, China-Africa Economic and Trade Expo, Asian Civilization Dialogue Conference, world internet conference and other global and regional multilateral platforms have been established to promote multilateral cooperation. Hosting AsiaInfo Shanghai Summit, APEC Leaders’ Informal Meeting in Beijing, G20 Leaders’ Summit in Hangzhou, BRICS Leaders’ Meeting in Xiamen, and Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit in Qingdao, etc., has achieved a series of groundbreaking, leading and institutional achievements. Initiate the establishment of international financial cooperation institutions such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the New Development Bank, and contribute more and more to global inclusive development. Initiating the establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization has played an important role in maintaining regional and world peace and stability.
Actively participate in international and regional affairs. As a permanent member of the UN Security Council, China strives to contribute wisdom and strength to solving international and regional hot issues. Actively promote political solutions to hot issues in the Korean Peninsula, the Iranian nuclear issue, Syria, Afghanistan and other regions, and strive to promote dialogue and consultation and seek solutions acceptable to all parties. Actively participate in the climate governance process of the United Nations and other multilateral platforms, and firmly support and promote the implementation of the Paris Climate Change Agreement. Actively promote the implementation of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy and the Security Council’s counter-terrorism resolutions, and actively participate in international counter-terrorism cooperation. We will continue to strengthen international exchanges and cooperation in the fields of energy security, food security, cyber security, polar regions, outer space and oceans.
Actively carry out foreign aid. As a developing country, China feels the poverty and suffering of other developing countries and provides them with assistance within its capacity. China adheres to the correct concept of justice and interests, adheres to the principles of mutual respect, equal treatment, abiding by promises, mutual benefit and win-win, and doing its best to provide financial, technical, personnel and intellectual assistance to developing countries without any political conditions, helping recipient countries to enhance their independent development capabilities and make greater contributions to promoting local economic and social development, improving people’s lives and realizing the UN’s sustainable development agenda in 2030.
(D) China’s development provides experience and reference for other developing countries.
It is not easy for a country to find a development path that suits its national conditions. Since modern times, many developing countries have made arduous explorations in the hope of enriching the country and strengthening the country, but few have really found their own roads and achieved good development. Some countries blindly copied or were forced to introduce the western model, not only failed to achieve economic development and political stability, but fell into social unrest, economic crisis, paralysis of governance, and even endless civil war.
In decades of hard exploration, China has always unswervingly followed its own path and formed its own development path through continuous exploration. The success of China’s development has boosted the confidence of developing countries to make the country rich and strong, expanded the way for developing countries to move towards modernization, and provided experience and reference for those countries and nations in the world who want to speed up their development and maintain their own independence, taking the road in line with their national conditions.
There is no way out for copying, and imitation is easy to get lost. The biggest revelation of China’s development is that what kind of development path a country takes should be decided by its people, not only by learning from other countries’ experience, but also based on its own reality and its own historical heritage, cultural tradition and level of economic and social development. There is no universally applicable development path and model in the world, and there is no fixed development path and model. Countries can learn from each other’s development experience, but modernization does not mean westernization, nor can it be applied mechanically, let alone be decided by one family. Whether the road to development is suitable or not depends on whether this road can solve the historical and practical problems facing the country, improve people’s livelihood and enhance well-being, and win the approval and support of the people.
It is the right of every sovereign country to choose what kind of development path. No country can impose its own model on others, let alone have the right to forcibly subvert the political power and political system of other countries. China respects the different development paths chosen by other countries. China does not "import" foreign models or "export" China models, and will not ask other countries to "copy" China’s practices. China will deepen its own practice, constantly explore the laws of modernization, national governance and the development of human society, strengthen exchanges with other countries in governing the country, share development experience and jointly realize good governance.
(5) China will never take the road of "national power will dominate"
In history, there are indeed countries that become tyrants because of their strength, but it is not a historical law that a strong country must dominate. Judging China with the development experience of some western countries and applying the development logic of some western countries to China, the conclusion is bound to be absurd and distorted. China’s peaceful development is not a diplomatic rhetoric, an expedient measure or a vague strategy, but an organic unity of ideological self-confidence and practical consciousness, which is an unshakable strategic choice and solemn commitment. No matter how the international situation changes and how it develops, China will never seek hegemony, expansion or sphere of influence.
China’s peaceful development stems from the profound heritage of Chinese civilization. Chinese civilization originated from inland and farming, and it is a restrained and defensive civilization. The Chinese culture of more than 5,000 years contains the cosmological view of the harmony between man and nature, the international view of harmony among all nations, the social view of harmony but difference, and the moral view of kindness. Since ancient times, China has advocated "the strong do not hold the weak, and the rich do not bully the poor" and "Do not do to others what you do not want others to do to you", knowing that "though a country is big, it will perish if it is belligerent". There is no gene in the blood of the Chinese nation to invade others and dominate the world. Since modern times, China has been bullied by foreign powers. It is deeply impressed by the sufferings brought by war and turmoil, and will never impose the sufferings it once suffered on other nations.
China’s peaceful development comes from its understanding of the conditions for achieving China’s development goals. Development is China’s top priority. Over the past 70 years, the development of China has benefited from a peaceful and stable external environment, and the further development of China also needs a peaceful and stable external environment. The key to China’s better development is to concentrate on running its own affairs, promoting peace through development and peace through development. It is not in China’s interest to engage in foreign expansion and hegemony, and it is against the will of the people. It has always been China’s unshakable national will to actively strive for a peaceful international environment to develop itself, and to better safeguard world peace and promote common development through its own development.
China’s peaceful development stems from its profound grasp of the general trend of world development. In today’s world, countries are increasingly becoming a community of interests and destiny of "you have me and I have you". Peace, development, cooperation and win-win are the trend of the times. Any country, big or small, strong or weak, can only achieve sustainable development by participating in international cooperation on the basis of equality, mutual benefit and win-win; On the contrary, the pursuit of hegemony and belligerence will only consume national strength and lead to decline. In the history of mankind, due to the hegemony of powerful countries, wars are frequent, lives are ruined, human civilization suffers setbacks and even retrogression, and the lessons are painful and profound. Peace without war, development without poverty, stability without chaos are the simple and true common aspirations of people of all countries. China’s peaceful development conforms to the historical trend and the general trend of the world.
China has the right to development, and the people of China have the right to pursue a better life. As a big country that has been bullied and humiliated in history, the purpose of China’s development is to win dignity and security, so that the people who have suffered can live a good life. In the process of pursuing this goal, China has naturally developed and become powerful, but it does not want to threaten, challenge or replace anyone, let alone seek hegemony in the world. The future of China is in our own hands, and the fate of China is up to the people of China. No one can deprive the people of China of their right to pursue a better life, and no one can stop China from moving forward.
China firmly adheres to the path of peaceful development, and hopes that all countries in the world will follow the path of peaceful development together. Only when all countries follow the path of peaceful development can all countries develop together and live in peace. China will never develop itself at the expense of others’ interests, nor will it give up its legitimate rights and interests. No country should expect China to trade its core interests, and no one should expect China to swallow the bitter fruit that harms national sovereignty, security and development interests.
3. Building a prosperous and beautiful world is the common dream of people of all countries.
In today’s world, peace and development are still the theme of the times, but there are many new problems and challenges, especially unilateralism, protectionism, hegemonism and power politics, which have become prominent factors affecting world peace and stability. Building a world of lasting peace, universal security, common prosperity, openness, tolerance, cleanliness and beauty, and letting people live a peaceful and prosperous life, is the common dream pursued by people of all countries.
(A) The world today is in a great change that has never happened in a century.
In the last 100 years, mankind has experienced bloody hot wars and cold wars, and has also made amazing development and great progress. Since the 21st century, with the in-depth development of economic globalization, the international political and economic structure has accelerated its evolution, the deep-seated contradictions in global development have become increasingly prominent, the balance of international power has become increasingly balanced, the international order and global governance system have undergone more in-depth changes, and the world has entered a new era of great development, great change and great adjustment, which is in a great change that has never happened in a century.
Great changes have spawned new opportunities. The biggest change that has never happened in a century is the rise of emerging market countries and developing countries represented by China, which has fundamentally changed the international power balance. Since the industrial revolution, the western world has occupied a dominant position in the international political and economic structure for a long time. In recent decades, emerging market countries and developing countries have seized the historical opportunity of economic globalization and achieved rapid development. According to the latest data of the International Monetary Fund, in terms of purchasing power parity, the economic aggregates of emerging market countries and developing countries have surpassed those of developed countries in 2008, and will account for 59% of the world economy by 2018 (Figure 2). In today’s world, multi-polarization is accelerating, modern development models are becoming more diversified, and the international governance system is changing to co-governance. No country or group of countries can dominate world affairs alone anymore, and seeking stability, peace and development has become the universal appeal of the international community. Science and technology are revolutionary forces leading the great changes. Now, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation have developed in depth, and a new generation of information technology has been widely used, which has spawned a large number of new technologies, new industries, new formats and new models. Human society is on the eve of great development and leap in productivity.
Great changes are full of risks and challenges. The great changes are profound, complicated and intertwined, and various old and new factors, forces and contradictions collide with each other. The relations between major powers, international order, regional security, social thoughts and global governance have been profoundly reshaped, and the instability and uncertainty of the international situation have become increasingly prominent. The governance deficit, trust deficit, peace deficit and development deficit are getting bigger and bigger, and the world is facing the risk of falling into division or even confrontation again. The global economic growth momentum is insufficient, the growth rate slows down, the excessive profit-seeking of capital leads to the continuous increase of polarization between the rich and the poor, trade protectionism intensifies, global public and private debts are high, some emerging economies have experienced great financial turmoil, and the downward pressure on the global economy has increased (Box 11). The international security situation is severe and complicated, the international strategic competition is becoming increasingly fierce, and the regional security situation continues to be tense. Traditional and non-traditional security issues such as the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, terrorism, cyber attacks, climate change, biosafety, organized crime and major infectious diseases are interrelated, seriously threatening global and regional security. The cold war mentality of containing and confronting threats has emerged, hegemonism and power politics are rampant, and the jungle law and zero-sum game have found new soil, seriously eroding and shaking the foundation of the post-war international order. Governance in some western countries is in trouble, populism is rampant, and anti-globalization is intensifying. International arms control and disarmament have suffered setbacks, the trend of arms race has emerged, strategic balance and stability have been undermined, contradictions in hot issues in some regions have continued to intensify and confrontation has escalated, and the spectre of war is looming. With the rapid development of information and intelligence,It poses a challenge to the existing form, activity mode, ethics and morality of human life.
Chart: Figure 2: Changes in the proportion of developed countries, emerging market countries and developing countries in the global economy ① Xinhua News Agency
Chart: Column 11 Global economic growth slows down and faces major risks. Xinhua News Agency issued
In the face of a great change that has never happened in a hundred years, mankind once again stands at the crossroads of where to go. In the face of difficulties and challenges, hope and confidence are particularly important. The world is increasingly uncertain and unstable, but the trend of the times for peace and development will not change; The international pattern has undergone profound changes, but the trend of world multipolarization will not change; Free trade and multilateralism encounter counter-current, but the general trend of economic globalization will not change; The struggle for international order is fierce and complicated, but the direction of international system reform will not change. Grasp and make good use of the historical opportunities brought by the great changes and unite to deal with various crises and challenges, so that human society can achieve new development and leap forward and enter the next century with a brand-new attitude.
(2) Building Community of Shared Future for Mankind
What happened to the world? What about humans? Facing the great changes that have never happened in a century, facing the current governance problems and development dilemmas, human society urgently needs to establish a new concept of development, build a more just and reasonable international system and international order, and open up a better development prospect for human society. China proposed to build Community of Shared Future for Mankind, focusing on solving the practical problems facing the world today, realizing the peaceful and sustainable development of human society, aiming at the great harmony in the world, adhering to the concept of win-win cooperation, abandoning the law of the jungle, not monopolizing power, transcending the zero-sum game, opening up a new development path of win-win cooperation, co-construction and sharing, and providing a new choice for human development.
The construction of Community of Shared Future for Mankind Thought is rich in connotation and complete in system. Politically, we advocate mutual respect and equal consultation, resolutely abandon the cold war mentality and power politics, and take a new path of state-to-state exchanges of dialogue without confrontation and partnership without alignment; In terms of security, it advocates persisting in resolving disputes through dialogue, resolving differences through consultation, coordinating traditional and non-traditional security threats, and opposing all forms of terrorism; Economically, we advocate helping each other in the same boat, promote the liberalization and facilitation of trade and investment, and promote the development of economic globalization in a more open, inclusive, inclusive, balanced and win-win direction; Culturally, it advocates respecting the diversity of world civilizations, transcending the barriers between civilizations, learning from each other, and transcending the superiority of civilizations through civilized exchanges; Ecologically, we advocate adhering to environmental friendliness, cooperating to cope with climate change, and protecting the earth’s homeland on which human beings depend.
Constructing Community of Shared Future for Mankind Thought, absorbing the essence of Chinese excellent traditional culture, inheriting the outstanding achievements of human social development, revealing the objective law that countries in the world are interdependent and human destiny is closely linked, reflecting the pursuit of common values of Chinese and foreign excellent cultures and all mankind, and finding the greatest common denominator for mankind to build a better world. Promoting the construction of Community of Shared Future for Mankind is not to advocate that every country must follow a unified value standard, not to promote one or a few civilizations unilaterally, nor to seek to build a unified actor on a global scale, not to mention that one system replaces another system and one civilization replaces another civilization, but to advocate that countries with different social systems, different ideologies, different historical civilizations and different levels of development have the same goals, symbiotic interests, shared rights and shared responsibilities in international activities, thus promoting.
Building Community of Shared Future for Mankind is an undertaking full of hardships and twists and turns. However, it is a historical trend to replace backwardness with progress, eliminate disasters with happiness, and resolve barbarism with civilization, which is the moral place for the progress of human civilization. All countries in the world should unite, unite the consensus of people of different nationalities, faiths, cultures and regions, jointly promote the construction of Community of Shared Future for Mankind, and turn people’s longing for a better life into reality.
(C) building a new type of international relations
There is no winner in conflict and confrontation, and there is no loser in peaceful cooperation. If the country is peaceful, the world will be safe; If countries fight, the world will be chaotic. In history, the pursuit of hegemony, alliance and confrontation, and bullying the small with the big have brought chaos and even war to the world. Today’s world is not only facing the development dilemma, but also facing the profound crisis of rules, trust and order. Some rules, norms and moral concepts formed in long-term international practice and generally recognized and observed by all countries have been abandoned and trampled on, and some international treaties and agreements related to strategic stability and global well-being have not been fulfilled or even torn up and destroyed. Individual countries ignore international axioms, openly violate other countries’ sovereignty, interfere in other countries’ internal affairs, and bully the small and bully the weak at every turn. In the face of the turmoil in the international situation, all countries should abide by rules, enhance trust, maintain order, build new international relations, and take a new road of state-to-state exchanges of dialogue, non-confrontation and non-alignment, so as to make the global village a big stage for common development, rather than an arena for wrestling with each other.
To build a new type of international relations, we should uphold the principles of mutual respect, fairness, justice and win-win cooperation. Mutual respect means that all countries, big or small, strong or weak, rich or poor are equal. All countries should respect each other’s political systems, their right to choose their own development paths, their interests and concerns, and oppose interference in other countries’ internal affairs, power politics and bullying. Fairness and justice means that all countries should abandon the simple materialistic orientation and the supremacy of competition, ensure that countries with different resource endowments and development levels can obtain equal development rights and opportunities, and narrow the development gap between them; Inter-country communication should follow the concept of combining justice and benefit, putting justice first, and realize the organic unity of self-benefit and international contribution. Win-win cooperation means that all countries should abandon the idea of blindly seeking their own greater relative interests, correct the outdated practice of "winner takes all", adhere to the goal of win-win, win-win and win-win, take into account the legitimate concerns of all countries when pursuing their own interests, promote the common development of all countries when seeking their own development, respect the security of all countries when safeguarding their own security, and turn pressure into motivation, crisis into opportunity and conflict into cooperation.
A big country is an important force for maintaining world peace and stability and a key factor for building a new type of international relations. A big country should look like a big country, and a big country should have the responsibility of a big country. The greatness of a big country lies not in its size, size and fist, but in its breadth of mind, pattern and responsibility. Great powers should take the future and destiny of mankind as their priority and shoulder greater responsibility for world peace and development, instead of seeking monopoly on regional and international affairs by relying on their strength. In the process of the development of human society, a successful big country strategy must conform to the trend of the times and the general trend of world development, and can be recognized by other countries and people. Mutual respect and win-win cooperation among major powers can promote the continuous progress of human society. Great powers should strengthen coordination and cooperation, build a framework of relations between great powers with overall stability and balanced development, and be a ballast stone for world peace and stability. Great powers should respect each other’s core interests and major concerns, adhere to empathy and mutual understanding, and deal with contradictions and differences in a constructive way through communication and consultation. Big countries should treat small countries equally, and don’t be overbearing and buy and sell. No country can wage war at will, undermine the international rule of law, or open Pandora’s box. Contradictions and problems should be handled through equal consultation and resolved through dialogue with the utmost sincerity and patience.
(D) to promote new economic globalization
Economic globalization is the inevitable trend of world economic development, and it conforms to the trend of the times that people of all countries want to develop and cooperate. Economic globalization in history has contributed to the great prosperity of trade, the great convenience of investment, the great mobility of people and the great development of technology. People of all countries have benefited from it and made important contributions to the development of the world economy. At the same time, many problems and disadvantages have accumulated, and there has been a "turning wave" in economic globalization. The current mode of economic globalization is difficult to reflect the voices and interests of developing countries. The jungle law of "the law of the jungle" and the zero-sum game of "you lose and I win" and "the winner takes all" have caused the rich to get richer and the poor to get poorer, and the gap between the rich and the poor in developed countries and developing countries has widened (Box 12); Individual countries blame the internal governance problems on economic globalization and other countries, and often adopt unilateralism, protectionism and bullying, destroying the global value chain, supply chain and consumption chain, leading to the disorder and even conflict of the existing international trade order and making the global economy fall into the "recession trap".
Chart: Column 12 Economic globalization is a "double-edged sword" by Xinhua News Agency
There are some problems in economic globalization that are not terrible. We should not "retreat from the group", "decouple" and "build a wall" because of choking on food. Only through reform and improvement can we find a way out, and we must solve the problems in progress. All countries should join hands, sum up historical experience and lessons, strengthen coordination and improve governance, and promote a new type of economic globalization that is open, inclusive, inclusive, balanced and win-win. The new economic globalization should be led by all countries in the world. We should continue to uphold and maintain the rules and systems such as trade liberalization and multilateral trading system that have been fully proved by practice, and constantly innovate, improve and develop; We should eliminate hegemonism and power politics, jungle law and zero-sum game, adhere to the concept of co-construction, co-construction and sharing, and truly realize democracy, equality, justice and rationality; It should be conducive to building an open world economy, promoting world peace and stability, and achieving common development, prosperity and prosperity.
The fourth scientific and technological revolution that is taking place at present will have an incalculable and profound impact on the new round of economic globalization and the development of human society, bringing both unprecedented development opportunities and new severe challenges. All countries should take immediate action to jointly build a new global governance structure with the vision and foresight of the common destiny of all mankind. Exploring the establishment of relevant rules and standards is not only conducive to the innovative development of science and technology, but also adheres to the bottom line of human security. To take care of the interests of all countries, especially developing countries, we should not demand the whole world only by the safety and standards of developed countries and individual countries. We should respect the sovereignty of all countries, refrain from technological hegemony, interfere in other countries’ internal affairs, and engage in, condone or protect technological activities that endanger other countries’ security. We must adhere to multilateralism, conduct extensive dialogue and cooperation on the basis of mutual respect and trust, and build a peaceful, safe, democratic, transparent, inclusive technical rules system and a new framework for international cooperation. It is necessary to safeguard social fairness and justice and ensure that technological innovation operates on the basis of the rule of law and recognized international norms, and is led by human beings, serves human beings and conforms to human values.
(V) Maintaining the international system with the United Nations at its core.
The international order centered on the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations conforms to the interests of the overwhelming majority of countries and promotes world peace and development. Brutally trampling on the basic norms of international law and international relations in order to seek personal gain will push the world into a dangerous situation of chaos and even confrontation with conflicts. If power is tyrannical, justice will be exhausted. The international community should firmly unite, resolutely promote the democratization of international relations, resolutely safeguard the morality and the rule of law on which human beings depend for survival and development, and resolutely safeguard international fairness and justice.
The United Nations is at the core of the contemporary global governance system. The Charter of the United Nations is an important cornerstone for maintaining the stability of the international system and regulating the behavior between countries. All kinds of confrontations and injustices in today’s world are not because the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter are out of date, but precisely because they have not been effectively implemented. Safeguarding the authority and role of the United Nations means safeguarding the common interests of the international community and the legitimate interests of all countries, and safeguarding the bright future of all mankind. All countries should firmly uphold the international system with the United Nations at its core, international law and basic norms of international relations based on the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, and the central role of the United Nations in international affairs.
The multilateral trading system with the World Trade Organization as the core is the cornerstone of international trade, which has played a mainstay role in promoting the development of global trade, building an open world economy and enhancing the well-being of people in all countries. Adopting a unilateralist and protectionist trade policy does not conform to the laws of the market and international rules, and runs counter to the basic principles of the World Trade Organization, which leads to the shrinking of international trade and may even trigger a global economic crisis. All countries should join hands to firmly support multilateralism, take a clear-cut stand against unilateralism and protectionism, defend the core position and basic principles of the World Trade Organization, safeguard a free, open and non-discriminatory multilateral trading system, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of developing members and build an open world economy.
International conventions, such as the Paris Climate Change Agreement, the Convention on Nuclear Safety and the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, are formed on the basis of consensus among all parties and are in the interests of all countries in the world. All parties should strictly implement them, and they should not be used together or abandoned. It is against the spirit of contract and international morality to "quit the group" and "withdraw from the contract" at will. Abiding by the rules must be fair and two-way, and we can’t adopt "pragmatism" and "double standards", only asking others, not ourselves.
(6) Promoting exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations.
Civilization is the basic symbol of human society, diversity is the basic feature of human civilization, and exchange and mutual learning are the basic requirements for the development of human civilization. The development history of human society for thousands of years is the history of human civilization development and communication. The world has come to this day in the exchange and blending of human civilizations. The more human society develops, the more it is necessary to strengthen exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations, enhance mutual understanding, and promote the communication between the people. To cope with the increasingly prominent global challenges and move towards a better future for mankind, we need both economic, scientific and technological strength and cultural and civilized strength.
Adhere to the concept of civilization of equality, diversity, tolerance and openness. Civilization is colorful. The civilization of a country and a nation is the collective memory of a country and a nation. Whether it is Chinese civilization or other civilizations existing in the world, it is the result created by human civilization. Civilizations are equal, there is no perfect civilization in the world, and there is no useless civilization. There is no distinction between high and low civilizations. Civilization is tolerant, and all civilizations created by human beings are the crystallization of labor and wisdom. All achievements of civilization deserve respect and all achievements of civilization should be cherished. It is foolish in understanding and disastrous in practice to think that one’s own race and civilization are superior, persist in transforming or even replacing other civilizations, and artificially create a clash of civilizations, which can only aggravate the gap between civilizations and plunge the world into division and confrontation.
Strengthen exchanges and mutual learning among different civilizations. Countries should respect each other and treat each other as equals, abandon arrogance and prejudice, deepen their understanding of the differences between their own civilizations and other civilizations, and promote exchanges, dialogues and harmonious coexistence among different civilizations; We should make our own civilization full of vitality, create conditions for the development of other countries’ civilizations, and make the world’s civilized gardens flourish. We should be open, inclusive, learn from each other, strive to break down the barriers of cultural exchanges, actively absorb the nutrients of other civilizations, learn from each other, learn from each other’s strengths and make progress together; We should keep pace with the times, innovate and develop, constantly absorb the essence of the times, and provide inexhaustible motive force for the development of civilization with innovation.
Fourth, China contributes to building a better world.
The development of China cannot be separated from the world, and the peaceful development, prosperity and stability of the world cannot be separated from China. If the world is good, China can be good; China is good, and the world is better. China has always placed its own development in the coordinate system of human development, always closely linked its own destiny with that of people all over the world, always combined the interests of China people with the common interests of people all over the world, always been a builder of world peace, a contributor to global development and a defender of international order, and contributed wisdom and strength to building Community of Shared Future for Mankind and a better world.
(1) Promoting world peace and development through its own development.
As the largest developing country in the world, China unswervingly follows its own path, concentrates on doing its own thing well, makes the country richer and stronger, makes its people happier, and injects stability and certainty into the complicated and changeable world, which in itself is the greatest contribution to world peace and development.
新时代的中国，将在习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想指引下，继续坚定不移走中国特色社会主义道路。始终坚持以人民为中心，始终坚持发展是第一要务，统筹推进经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设“五位一体”总体布局，协调推进全面建成小康社会、全面深化改革、全面依法治国、全面从严治党“四个全面”战略布局，向着建设社会主义现代化强国、实现中华民族伟大复兴的目标坚定前行。
中国始终把以经济建设为中心作为兴国之要，坚定不移走高质量发展之路，贯彻创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念，加快建设现代化经济体系，更好满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要。全面深化经济体制改革，使市场在资源配置中起决定作用、更好发挥政府作用。进一步推进供给侧结构性改革，为经济持续健康发展提供源源不断的内生动力。继续实施创新驱动发展战略，把握数字化、网络化、智能化发展机遇，加强知识产权保护，增强自主创新能力和实力，增强发展新动力。坚持科技普惠，深化国际合作，同各国共享科技发展成果，让科技创新更好造福世界人民。
Let the people live a better life, which is always the biggest goal of China’s development. China will make greater efforts to safeguard and improve people’s livelihood, so that the fruits of reform and development will benefit the broad masses of the people more fairly. We will increase the intensity of precision poverty alleviation, resolutely win the battle against poverty, basically eliminate absolute poverty by the end of 2020, make the fruits of economic development better shared by the people, and make new contributions to global poverty reduction. China actively implements the United Nations Agenda for Sustainable Development in 2030, unswervingly follows the road of green development, accelerates the formation of green development modes and lifestyles, guides international cooperation in tackling climate change, promotes global green, low-carbon, circular and sustainable development, and protects the common home of the earth.
China’s army has always been a staunch defender of world peace. In the new era, China’s national defense will unswervingly pursue a defensive national defense policy, stick to the road of strengthening the army with China characteristics, and strive to build a consolidated national defense and a strong army commensurate with its international status and national security and development interests. China’s armed forces faithfully practice Community of Shared Future for Mankind’s concept, actively fulfill the international responsibilities of big-country armed forces, comprehensively promote international military cooperation in the new era, provide strategic support for promoting world peace and development, and contribute to building a beautiful world with lasting peace and universal security.
(2) Adhere to win-win cooperation and common development.
Win-win cooperation and common development can achieve great things, good things and long-term things. Some countries are getting richer, while others are getting poorer, so the world cannot be peaceful and prosperous for a long time. The people of China not only hope to live a good life for themselves, but also hope that the people of other countries will live a good life. China will strengthen mutually beneficial cooperation with other countries, promote exchanges and mutual learning, bridge the development gap and embark on a fair, open, comprehensive and innovative road of common development.
Adhere to development and innovation, growth linkage and interest integration. While promoting its own innovation and development, China will strengthen exchanges and cooperation with other countries, open up new sources of economic growth and expand new kinetic energy of economic growth. China will further strengthen the coordination and linkage of macro-policies and the docking of development strategic planning with other countries, complement each other’s advantages, leverage each other, amplify positive spillover effects and reduce negative external influences. China will promote more inclusive and open cooperation, taking into account both current and long-term interests, and taking into account its own interests and those of other countries, so as to expand and divide the "cake" and promote the rebalancing of the world economy, so that the fruits of development can benefit more people. China welcomes other countries to take the "express train" and "free ride" developed by China to help more emerging market countries and developing countries better integrate into the global industrial chain, supply chain and value chain and share the dividends of economic globalization.
Promote the high-quality development of "the belt and road initiative". The the belt and road initiative Initiative is a practical platform for building Community of Shared Future for Mankind and a "ship" and "bridge" for promoting world peace and development. China will adhere to the principle of cooperation, co-construction and sharing with relevant parties, adhere to the concept of openness, green and honesty, strive to achieve high standards, benefit people’s livelihood and sustainable development, promote the high-quality development of "the belt and road initiative", and jointly build "the belt and road initiative" into a road of peace, prosperity, openness, green, innovation and civilization, creating development opportunities for all countries in the world and allowing more people to share a better life. Building a "the belt and road initiative" is an economic cooperation initiative, not a geopolitical alliance or a military alliance, and it does not target anyone or exclude anyone; It is an open and inclusive process, not a small circle or "China Club" behind closed doors; It is China’s sunshine avenue that shares opportunities with the world and seeks common development. It is not a so-called "trap" of one kind or another. It does not demarcate by ideology and does not engage in zero-sum games. China welcomes all countries that are willing to participate.
Promote global poverty reduction and development. Eliminating poverty is still the biggest global challenge facing the world today. To achieve the goal of completely eliminating extreme poverty by 2030 proposed by the United Nations, all countries need to help each other in the same boat and make joint efforts. China advocates accelerating the process of global poverty reduction, that developed countries should increase development assistance to developing countries, and that developing countries should enhance their endogenous development momentum. China actively implements the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, further strengthens international cooperation in poverty reduction and development, supports the United Nations and the World Bank to continue to play an important role in international poverty reduction, and promotes the establishment of a new international poverty reduction exchange and cooperation relationship with win-win cooperation as the core. China has always paid attention to and helped the people of countries living in hunger and poverty. Through measures such as foreign aid, debt relief, increased imports, and expanded investment, it has made efforts to help developing countries, especially the least developed countries, enhance their own development capabilities, and continue to contribute wisdom and strength to global issues such as poverty alleviation, disease prevention and control, and refugee relief, so that the sunshine of common development can break through the haze of poverty and backwardness and light up a shared and prosperous future.
(3) Firmly safeguard and promote economic globalization.
China is an active participant in economic globalization and a staunch supporter. China is willing to work with the international community to take the initiative and strengthen guidance to make the process of economic globalization more dynamic, inclusive and sustainable. China will implement a more proactive opening-up strategy, create a more comprehensive, deeper and diversified opening-up pattern, achieve wider mutual benefit and win-win, and safeguard and promote economic globalization with practical actions.
Resolutely oppose unilateralism and protectionism. China firmly upholds the multilateral trading system with the World Trade Organization as its core, and is willing to deepen cooperation with other countries on the basis of equality and mutual respect to jointly safeguard the stability and development of global economy and trade. Regarding the problems in international economic and trade exchanges, China advocates solving them through dialogue and consultation in accordance with WTO rules on the basis of mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit, mutual direction and honesty. Threatening a trade war and constantly imposing tariffs are not conducive to solving the problem. China is a mature economy with complete industrial system, complete industrial chain, vast market space and strong economic development momentum, which will never be weakened by the trade war. China is confident and capable of facing difficulties, turning crises into opportunities and opening up a new world.
The door to opening to the outside world will open wider and wider. China has developed under open conditions, and China must achieve better development under more open conditions in the future. China has launched and will continue to implement a series of major opening-up measures, paying equal attention to "bringing in" and "going out", forming an open pattern of linkage between the land and the sea and mutual assistance between the East and the West. With lower tariff level, shorter negative list, more convenient market access, more transparent market rules and more attractive business environment, China will build a higher-level open economy and create more opportunities for growth, transformation and innovation for the world. China welcomes more foreigners to study, work and travel in China. China will step up its efforts to "go global", encourage more enterprises and institutions to invest overseas, strengthen exchanges and cooperation in economy, trade, humanities and other fields, and build a new platform for mutually beneficial and win-win cooperation. China will continue to hold the "the belt and road initiative" international cooperation summit forum, make every effort to build a world-class China International Import Expo, and create new demand and inject new impetus into China’s opening up and world economic growth.
Accelerate regional economic integration. China will accelerate the implementation of the free trade zone strategy, build a high-standard free trade zone network based on its periphery, radiating "the belt and road initiative" and facing the world, actively promote the early conclusion of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement, and accelerate the negotiation process of China-Japan-ROK Free Trade Zone and China-EU Comprehensive Agreement on Investment. Promote the construction of the Asia-Pacific Free Trade Area and the East Asian Economic Community, support the construction of the African Free Trade Area, promote regional economic integration, promote the liberalization and facilitation of trade and investment, and make the power of economic globalization stronger.
Continue to promote the internationalization of RMB. The internationalization of RMB enriches the monetary settlement methods of global trade and promotes the diversification of the global monetary system. The purpose of RMB internationalization is not to change the existing global monetary system, but to supplement and improve the international monetary system. The internationalization of RMB is a market-driven process, adhering to the principle of respecting market demand and serving the real economy. While further promoting the market-oriented reform of RMB exchange rate and promoting the opening of capital and financial accounts in a steady and orderly manner, China will continue to promote the internationalization of RMB, raise the financial standards and internationalization level, better realize the integration of interests between China and other countries, and make the world financial market more stable.
(D) Actively develop global partnerships.
Expanding partnership is an important direction that China insists on. Like-minded people are partners, and seeking common ground while reserving differences is also a partner. China will continue to carry forward the spirit of partnership, forge ahead firmly along the new path of state-to-state exchanges of dialogue without confrontation and partnership without alignment, strive to build a framework for relations between major powers with overall stability and balanced development, deepen relations with neighboring countries and strengthen unity and cooperation with developing countries. China adheres to the correct concept of justice and interests, constantly expands the convergence of interests with other countries, constantly enhances the gold content of the partnership, and constantly expands the global circle of friends.
Sino-US relations are one of the most important bilateral relations in the world. China is the largest developing country and the United States is the largest developed country. Cooperation is the only correct choice for both countries, and a win-win situation can lead to a better future. The United States should look at the relationship between the two countries with rational thinking and development vision. China has no intention of challenging the United States or replacing it. The United States can’t control China, let alone stop the development of China. Curbing and suppressing other countries and transferring domestic contradictions to the outside world will not keep the United States strong. The United States should abandon the Cold War mentality, correctly understand itself, China and the world. Adapting to the strong development of other countries and living in harmony with the outside world is the way for a big country to survive. There is no "Thucydides trap" in the world, but serious strategic misjudgment among big countries may make conflicts and confrontations a "self-fulfilling prophecy". China is willing to work together with the United States to shoulder the responsibility of a big country, expand cooperation on the basis of mutual benefit, manage differences on the basis of mutual respect, promote Sino-US relations based on coordination, cooperation and stability, and continuously enhance the well-being of the two countries and the people of the world.
China and Russia are each other’s largest neighbors. The two countries have worked hand in hand for 70 years and have stood the test of the international situation and set a new model of international relations. China-Russia comprehensive strategic partnership of cooperation is mature, stable and solid, with the highest level of mutual trust, cooperation and strategic value. The new orientation of China-Russia comprehensive strategic partnership of cooperation in the new era marks a new future for bilateral relations. Sino-Russian relations have always been the priority of China’s foreign exchanges. China will further deepen Sino-Russian friendship, firmly support the other side in safeguarding its core interests, closely cooperate on major issues, strengthen the docking of development strategies, push bilateral relations to a higher level, in a wider field and at a deeper level, and act as a ballast and stabilizer in the complicated and ever-changing international situation. If China and Russia stand together closely, the world will be more peaceful, safer and more stable.
Europe is an important pole in today’s world and a comprehensive strategic partner of China. China is committed to promoting the four partnerships of peace, growth, reform and civilization between China and Europe, combining the two major forces, two major markets and two major civilizations between China and Europe, and enhancing the global influence of China-EU comprehensive strategic partnership. China firmly supports the process of European integration, the unity and growth of the European Union, and Europe’s more important role in international affairs. China and Europe will further deepen cooperation, work together to safeguard multilateralism and inject more stability into the world.
China regards its periphery as a place to settle down and the foundation of its development and prosperity, and always puts its periphery at the top of its foreign exchanges, taking it as its duty to promote its peace, stability and development. China practices the concept of sincerity and tolerance, and the neighboring foreign policy of being a good neighbor and partner, and continues to enhance mutual trust and assistance with neighboring countries, promote interconnection, deepen mutually beneficial cooperation, safeguard peace and tranquility, and make China’s development achievements more beneficial to neighboring countries. In order to build a community of peripheral destiny, has always been a leader in neighboring regional cooperation and a watcher of regional peace and development.
The vast number of developing countries are fellow travelers of China’s peaceful development. China adheres to the true and sincere concept and the correct concept of justice and interests, and strengthens solidarity and cooperation with developing countries. We will build a closer community of destiny between China and Africa, deepen China-Latin America comprehensive cooperative partnership of equality, mutual benefit and common development, and deepen China-Arab strategic partnership of all-round cooperation, common development and facing the future, so as to inject new impetus into South-South cooperation and make everyone live a good life.
(5) Firmly support multilateralism and safeguard international fairness and justice.
Fairness and justice are the eternal pursuit of human society and the lofty goal of building Community of Shared Future for Mankind. In today’s world, fairness and justice are far from being realized. The destiny of the world must be jointly controlled by the people of all countries, and the affairs of the world must be jointly discussed and handled by all countries. China will continue to firmly support multilateralism, safeguard international fairness and justice, and work with other countries to promote democratization, rule of law and rationalization of international relations.
Adhering to multilateralism is the universal aspiration of the international community. Today, with the deep integration of interests of all countries and shared destiny, multi-polarization of the world and democratization of international relations are the general trend, and the days of "whoever is strong has the final say" are gone forever. As a founding member of the United Nations, a permanent member of the Security Council and the largest developing country, China will, as always, firmly safeguard the international system with the United Nations at its core and the international order with the purposes and principles of the UN Charter at its core, and work with other countries to uphold multilateralism and oppose unilateralism. With regard to the contradictions and differences between countries, China has always advocated discussing things, relying on multilateral frameworks and platforms, strengthening communication and coordination, seeking common ground while reserving differences, gathering differences, expanding consensus, solving problems by peaceful means, and opposing resorting to or threatening to use force at will. China firmly upholds the multilateral trading system with the World Trade Organization as the core, and resolutely opposes unilateral acts such as "building a wall", "tearing down Taiwan" and "quitting the group". China actively supports the World Health Organization, the World Intellectual Property Organization, the International Telecommunication Union and the International Labour Organization to play a better role in global governance.
Maintaining fairness and justice is China’s basic principle in dealing with international issues. China respects the development path and social system independently chosen by the people of all countries, respects the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all countries, and opposes external interference in other countries’ internal affairs. China will never impose its will on others, nor will it allow anyone to impose their will on the people of China. China will not interfere in the internal affairs of any country, nor will it allow any country or force to interfere in or interfere in the internal affairs of China. China has always adhered to the principle that all countries, big or small, strong or weak, rich or poor, are equal, and opposed the law of the jungle, hegemonic thinking and power politics, and promoted the representation and voice of developing countries in international affairs. China will shoulder more international responsibilities, work with other countries to safeguard human conscience and international justice, and uphold justice and justice in world and regional affairs. On international and regional hot issues, China continues to advocate and practice "insisting on non-interference in other countries’ internal affairs and opposing imposition on others;" Adhere to objectivity and fairness and oppose seeking personal gain; Adhere to the principle of political settlement and oppose the use of force, make a fair judgment according to the merits of the matter itself, persuade peace and promote talks, maintain stability and prevent chaos, do not seek favoritism, and play a constructive role in maintaining international and regional peace and tranquility.
(6) Actively participate in leading the reform and construction of the global governance system.
It is the universal expectation of all countries in the world to promote the development of the global governance system in a more just and reasonable direction and realize joint construction and sharing. As a responsible big country, China has always adhered to the balance of rights and obligations, seeing not only the requirements of China’s development for the world, but also the expectations of the international community for China, and actively participating in the reform and construction of the global governance system. As a participant, builder and contributor to the current international system, China participates in and promotes the reform of the global governance system, with the aim of not reinventing itself and starting a new stove, but keeping pace with the times and innovating and perfecting it.
Promoting the reform of the global governance system is a matter for everyone in the international community. We should adhere to the principle of consultation, co-construction and sharing, so that the proposition of the reform of the global governance system can be transformed into consensus and concerted action. China maintains that what kind of international order and global governance system is good for the world and the people of all countries in the world should be discussed by the people of all countries, not by one family or a few people. China will actively play its role, strengthen coordination with all parties, and promote the reform of the global governance system to better reflect the common values of peace, development, fairness, justice, democracy and freedom, better reflect the changes in the international structure, and better reflect the wishes of the entire international community.
China actively supports the reform of the United Nations, pushing the United Nations to better adapt to the new requirements of global governance in terms of ideology, institutional setup and operation mode, better fulfilling the responsibilities entrusted by the Charter of the United Nations, and playing a greater role in safeguarding world peace and promoting common development. China actively supports the necessary reform of the World Trade Organization on the basis of fairness and justice, and advocates that the reform of the World Trade Organization should safeguard the core values and basic principles of the WTO, especially the development interests and policy space of developing countries, promote the liberalization and facilitation of global trade, improve the trade dispute settlement mechanism, make global trade more standardized, convenient and open, and play a greater role in building an inclusive and open world economy. China will join hands with the international community to deal with global issues such as climate change, terrorism, network security, energy and resource security, and major natural disasters, and jointly protect the earth’s homeland on which human beings depend.
China actively promotes the share and governance reform of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, and truly reflects the changes in the international structure; Actively promote the role of the G-20 as the main forum for international economic cooperation, transform from crisis response to long-term governance mechanism, and make greater contributions to promoting world economic growth and improving global economic governance; Actively promote new progress in APEC cooperation, make the spirit of the Asia-Pacific family and the sense of community of destiny deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, and be the leader and promoter of an open world economy; Actively promote the BRICS cooperation mechanism to be stable and far-reaching and play a greater role in the international platform.
China actively promotes the innovative development of global governance concepts, sums up the successful practices and experiences of state governance in a timely manner, actively explores the positive ways of life and the resonance points of governance concepts in Chinese culture with the current era, and strives to contribute China wisdom, China’s plan and China’s strength to improving global governance.
Concluding remarks
Looking back on the magnificent 70 years, the people of China are proud of their achievements, but they will not be complacent and stand still. In the new era, China’s determination to take the road of Socialism with Chinese characteristics will not change, nor will it change its determination to learn from each other and win-win cooperation with other countries, nor will it change its determination to walk hand in hand with the world. China in the future will embrace the world with a more open and inclusive attitude, form a more benign interaction with the world, and bring more progress and prosperity to China and the world.
Today’s world is full of opportunities and hopes, but also variables and challenges. The future and destiny of all countries in the world have never been so closely linked. Every country is closely related to the future and destiny of the world. As long as we have the same goal, unite, share opportunities and meet challenges together, we can build Community of Shared Future for Mankind, a better world and a brighter future.
(Note 1) Boston Consulting Group (BCG): "Balance between People’s Livelihood and Economic Growth: Assessment Report on Sustainable Economic Development in 2018", September 2018.
(Note 2) McKinsey Global Institute: China and the World: Understanding Changing Economic Links, July 2019.
(Note 3) World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Cornell University and Insead: Global Innovation INSEAD)：《2019 (GII), July 2019.
(Note 4) McKinsey Global Institute: China and the World: Understanding Changing Economic Links, July 2019.
(Note 5) McKinsey Global Institute: China and the World: Understanding Changing Economic Links, July 2019.
(Note 6) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD): World Investment Report 2019, June 2019.
(Note 7) SOAS: Industrial Development, Construction and Employment in Africa, July 2019.
(Note 8) World Bank: the belt and road initiative Economics: Opportunities and Risks of Transport Corridors, June 2019.
