General Office of Guangdong Provincial People’s Government on Promoting and Standardizing

Implementation opinions on the application and development of big data in health care

People’s governments at the local level and listed, people’s governments of counties (cities, districts), departments and institutions directly under the provincial government:

　　In order to implement the Guiding Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Promoting and Standardizing the Application and Development of Big Data in Health Care (Guo Ban Fa [2016] No.47), adapt to the development trend of big data technology, promote and standardize the integration, sharing and open application of big data in health care, improve the medical service capacity and improve the health level of the people, with the consent of the provincial people’s government, we hereby put forward the following implementation opinions.
　　I. General requirements

　　(1) Guiding ideology. We will fully implement the spirit of the 18th CPC National Congress and the Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Plenary Sessions of the 18th CPC Central Committee, thoroughly implement the spirit of the series of important speeches by the Supreme Leader General Secretary and the new ideas, new ideas and new strategies for governing the country, conscientiously implement the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee, the State Council, the provincial party committee and the provincial government, adhere to the concept of innovation, coordination, green, openness and shared development, take the protection of people’s health as the starting point, adhere to people-oriented, innovation-driven, standardized, orderly, safe and controllable, The principle of open integration, co-construction and sharing, consolidate the grassroots foundation, improve the policy system, innovate the working mechanism, vigorously promote the interconnection, integration and open sharing of government health care information systems and public health care data, fully stimulate the innovation vitality of health care big data, explore new applications of data, innovate new service models, foster and develop new formats, provide strong support for building a strong health province and a healthy Guangdong, and make positive contributions to achieving the goal of "three orientations and two firsts".
　　(2) objectives and tasks.
　　—— By the end of 2017, a provincial-level comprehensive health information management platform with complete functions and unified authority will be initially established to realize interconnection with the national population health information platform. Realize the interconnection between the provincial drug bidding and purchasing business application supervision platform and the national drug supply security comprehensive management information platform.
　　—— By the end of 2018, all the listed and county (city, district) national health information comprehensive management platforms have been built at all levels, and connected with provincial platforms, forming an efficient and unified network covering all kinds of medical and health family planning institutions at all levels, and realizing business application interconnection, information sharing and effective collaboration.
　　—— By the end of 2020, the province’s health care data will be shared with basic data resources such as population, legal person, spatial geography and environment across departments and regions, and the data fusion application in medical care, medicine, medical insurance and health-related fields will achieve remarkable results, and the new format of health care big data application will flourish, initially forming a health care big data industry system. Health care big data application standard system, data security and privacy protection system, relevant policies and regulations have been continuously improved, the quality of health care services has been significantly improved, and the people have received more benefits.
　　Second, accelerate the construction of a shared and open health care big data application infrastructure system.

　　(1) Accelerate the construction of "one network, three platforms and three databases". Strengthen the top-level design and implement the Guangdong "Healthy Cloud" service plan. Integrate and utilize existing facilities and resources such as e-government extranet, network operator network and government cloud resources, and accelerate the construction to form a private network for health care services covering provinces, cities, counties (districts), townships (towns) and villages (residences). We will build a unified and authoritative comprehensive management platform for national health information at the provincial, municipal and county levels, connect all kinds of medical and health institutions at all levels, and strengthen data collection, integrated sharing and business collaboration of application information systems such as public health, family planning, medical services, medical security, drug supply and comprehensive management. Strengthen the maturity evaluation of interconnection of the comprehensive management platform of national health information at city and county levels, and improve the level of interconnection. Establish three unified databases of the whole province, namely, full population, electronic health records of residents and electronic medical records, and build a provincial-level national health big data center with the three databases as the core. (Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, Development and Reform Commission, the municipal people’s government is responsible for all localities, and the Provincial Economic and Information Commission, the Public Security Department, the Department of Finance, the Department of Human Resources and Social Security, and the Food and Drug Administration cooperate, and the first department is the lead department, the same below)
　　(two) to speed up the upgrading of medical and health institutions information system. Accelerate the transformation and upgrading of the information system of medical and health institutions with electronic medical records as the core, reduce repeated investment and improve the efficiency of information construction. To break the data chimney formed by vertical business information system and the data island formed by isolated business information system, the information systems of medical and health institutions at all levels should all be connected with the comprehensive management platform of national health information of provinces, cities and counties, and realize data fusion within medical and health institutions and data sharing between medical institutions and between medical institutions and public health institutions. Strengthen the maturity of information system interconnection and evaluation of the application level of electronic medical record system in medical and health institutions, and improve the application level of electronic medical record. (Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, the municipal people’s governments at all levels are responsible, and the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Finance Department and the Human Resources and Social Security Department cooperate)
　　(3) Establish a mechanism for the collection, sharing and opening of health care data.
　　Promote the interconnection of the government health care information system with the three databases of the whole province’s population, residents’ electronic health records and electronic medical records, share data, and cooperate with business applications efficiently. Effectively collect data on medical services, traditional Chinese medicine, biomedicine, insurance supervision, research and development and management of drugs and medical equipment, inspection and quarantine, public health, population management, education and scientific research, food and agriculture, meteorological environment, physical fitness, etc., support management model innovation and e-government development, and realize the collection of health care data, business matters and health decision-making on the platform. (Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, Economic and Information Technology Commission are responsible, and all relevant units cooperate)
　　Combined with the needs of the "one-door, one-network" government service model, we will further promote the sharing of government data related to population and health, and smooth the data sharing channel. The establishment of centralized management of health and family planning departments, Chinese medicine, development and reform, education, science and technology, economy and informatization, public security, civil affairs, human resources and social security, environmental protection, agriculture, commerce, safety supervision, inspection and quarantine, food and drug supervision, sports, statistics, tourism, meteorology, insurance supervision, Disabled Persons’ Federation and other departments closely cooperate with the regular exchange and sharing mechanism of health and medical data. (Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, Economic and Information Technology Commission are responsible, and all relevant units cooperate)
　　Strengthen data quality management, establish and improve the standards of health care data collection, cleaning, warehousing and storage, establish a data quality evaluation mechanism, insist on controlling data quality from the source, and ensure that health care data is legal, authentic, effective and available. Explore the development of desensitization and opening methods for residents’ health care privacy information, build and improve the open platform for health care data, smooth the open channels of data, and steadily promote the opening of health care big data. Explore the establishment of Guangdong health care data resource catalogue system, and make a good connection with the national health care data resource catalogue. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission is responsible, and the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission and the Legislative Affairs Office cooperate)
　　Third, comprehensively deepen the application of big data in health care

　　(1) Promote the application of governance big data in the health care industry.
　　Establish and improve the monitoring and evaluation index system and evaluation model for deepening the reform of medical and health system, realize real-time monitoring of key indicators such as medical service price, medical insurance financing and payment, control of residents’ medical burden, and drug use, deepen the accurate evaluation of the reform effect of medical and health system, and improve the pertinence and effectiveness of reform decisions. Strengthen the application of evaluation and monitoring results, and promote the formation of a new model of health management decision-making based on data, such as industry supervision, performance evaluation, input compensation and personnel compensation. (Responsible for the Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, with the cooperation of the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Department of Finance and the Department of Human Resources and Social Security)
　　Open the data channel between medical institution management information system and clinical information system, integrate and analyze clinical, operation, cost accounting and quality evaluation data, build an evaluation system of medical institutions with comprehensive information, scientific evaluation, authoritative conclusion and timely update, improve the authority and credibility of evaluation results, and link it with hospital evaluation, fund allocation, performance pay, etc., promote the deepening of public hospital reform, improve modern hospital management system, and promote the improvement of hospital operation management level and medical service quality. (Responsible for the Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, with the cooperation of the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Department of Finance and the Department of Human Resources and Social Security)
　　We will improve the monitoring mechanism for the income composition and changing trend of medical institutions, such as medical care, medicines and medical consumables, and cooperate with business information such as medical service price, medical insurance payment, bidding and purchasing of medicines and medical consumables, drug use and medical expense control, strengthen the monitoring and early warning of anti-fraud of medical insurance, and promote the joint reform of medical care, medical insurance and medicine. Accelerate the integration of comprehensive supervision information on health and family planning, realize the interconnection between comprehensive supervision and law enforcement information and health care related information systems, and improve the level of industry supervision. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission is responsible, with the cooperation of the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Department of Finance, the Department of Human Resources and Social Security, the Food and Drug Administration and the Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine)
　　(2) Promote the application of big data in clinical medical care and scientific research. Make full use of national key clinical specialties, provincial key clinical specialties, national and provincial key laboratories and other advantageous resources, rely on the National Clinical Medical Research Center, the National Traditional Chinese Medicine Data Center and the collaborative research network, base on South China, face Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, and radiate to Southeast Asia, and build a number of regional clinical medical data demonstration centers in the directions of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, tumors, geriatric diseases, respiratory diseases, nephropathy, reproduction, orthopedics, hepatobiliary, pediatrics, maternal and child health care, occupational diseases and traditional Chinese medicine. Strengthen the integration and sharing of clinical medicine and basic medical research data resources, and improve the transformation and application efficiency of medical research. Relying on clinical medical data demonstration center, integrating medical service data, drug research and development evaluation and management data, traditional Chinese medicine data and biomedical data, developing clinical decision support system to support clinicians to improve work efficiency and diagnosis and treatment quality. Promote the application of biomedical technologies such as gene chip and sequencing technology in genetic disease diagnosis, early cancer diagnosis and disease prevention and detection, realize the effective docking of genome information and electronic medical records, and promote the development of precision medical technology. Establish a genome database and a database of specialized subjects and diseases, and promote the research and application of disease markers. Create a number of precision medical specialties and precision medical pilot hospitals. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission and the Chinese Medicine Bureau are responsible, and the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Science and Technology Department and the Food and Drug Administration cooperate)
　　(3) Promote the application of public health big data. Promote the interconnection between various national special newspaper information systems and the comprehensive management platform of national health information at the provincial, city and county levels. We will improve information systems such as immunization planning, online direct reporting, online first aid, management and treatment of severe mental disorders, prevention and control of occupational diseases, early warning and decision-making of public health risks at ports, and the application functions of mobile emergency business platforms, so as to enhance the ability of public health monitoring, evaluation and decision-making management. Integrate social network public information resources and improve the early warning mechanism of disease-sensitive information. Strengthen cooperation with the World Health Organization, international and public health institutions in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, carry out research on the frontier technology of public health information, early warning and prediction research on the risk of sudden acute infectious diseases of international concern, and timely grasp and dynamically analyze the international public health risks such as the disease occurrence trend of the whole population and the global epidemic information of infectious diseases. Promote the information acquisition and information sharing of entry personnel in countries and regions where the epidemic broke out in advance, strengthen the business cooperation of inspection and quarantine, public health, foreign affairs, commerce, tourism, customs, port border inspection, maritime affairs, medical care, civil aviation, port services, railways and other units, prevent and control the imported epidemic, and improve the early warning and emergency response capabilities of public health emergencies. Promote the sharing of monitoring data of drug use, environmental sanitation, epidemiological factors monitoring, insect vector monitoring, drinking water, health hazard factors, port medical vector biology, nuclear biochemistry, food, meteorology, inspection and quarantine, sports, tourism and other industries, and effectively evaluate social factors affecting residents’ health by relying on residents’ electronic health records and electronic medical record databases.Carry out biological monitoring of key infectious diseases, occupational diseases, imported infectious diseases at ports and medical vectors, integrate multi-source monitoring data of infectious diseases and occupational diseases, establish a rapid identification network system for laboratory pathogen detection results, and improve the ability to prevent and control major diseases. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission is responsible for the cooperation of all members of the joint meeting of the provincial prevention and control of major diseases)
　　(4) Promote the application of big data in traditional Chinese medicine. We will build a provincial platform for the management and utilization of big data resources of traditional Chinese medicine, a cloud platform for health information in TCM diagnosis and treatment areas, and a management information system for chronic diseases with TCM characteristics, health services and prevention of diseases. Improve and perfect the standards related to the analysis and application of big data of traditional Chinese medicine, build a big data center of traditional Chinese medicine and a database of diagnosis and treatment technology of traditional Chinese medicine covering medical treatment, prevention, health care, health preservation, rehabilitation, Chinese herbal pieces, Chinese patent medicines and hospital preparations, promote the application development of semantics of traditional Chinese medicine, data analysis and mining, intelligent diagnosis and treatment, knowledge management, vigorously develop "internet plus Traditional Chinese Medicine", realize diversified collection and in-depth analysis of big data resources of traditional Chinese medicine, and promote the convenience and benefit of smart Chinese medicine. Develop value-added services of TCM data resources and innovative services of TCM, and promote collaborative research on major diseases of TCM. (The Provincial Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine is responsible, with the cooperation of the Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, the Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Science and Technology Department, the Civil Affairs Department, the Finance Department, the Culture Department and the Tourism Bureau)
　　(5) Cultivate new formats for the application of big data in health care. Strengthen key technologies such as storage and cleaning of massive data in health care, analysis and mining, and security and privacy protection. Accelerate the integration and innovation of health care data and new generation information and communication technologies such as cloud computing and big data, promote the deep integration of health care business and big data technology, and accelerate the construction of health care big data industry chain. Actively encourage social forces to innovate and develop health care business, and take various measures to support the development of health care service industry. Develop home health information services, standardize services such as online pharmacies and third-party distribution of medical logistics, and continuously promote the coordinated development of health care and health care, pension, housekeeping and other service industries. Promote the development of Chinese medicine, health care, health management, health consultation, health culture, physical fitness, health medical tourism, healthy environment, healthy diet and other industries. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission is responsible, with the cooperation of the Provincial Economic and Information Technology Commission, Science and Technology Department, Civil Affairs Department, Culture Department, Sports Bureau, Tourism Bureau and Chinese Medicine Bureau)
　　(six) the development and promotion of digital health care intelligent equipment. Support the research and development of artificial intelligence technology, biological three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, medical robots, large-scale medical equipment, health and rehabilitation AIDS, wearable devices and related micro-sensor devices related to health care, accelerate the transformation of research and development results, improve the production and manufacturing level of digital medical equipment, Internet of Things equipment, smart health products, Chinese medicine functional status detection and health care instruments and equipment, and promote the upgrading of health care intelligent equipment industry. (The Provincial Economic and Information Technology Commission is responsible, with the cooperation of the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Health and Family Planning Commission, the Science and Technology Department, the Quality Supervision Bureau and the Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine)
　　Fourth, standardize and promote the development of "internet plus Health Care"

　　(a) the development of smart health care services for the convenience of the people. Integrate online and offline resources, and establish a "internet plus Health Care" service, payment and credit, health management and promotion system. Vigorously promote the application of Internet health consultation, online appointment and triage, mobile payment, intelligent guidance, whole process reminder and inspection results inquiry, follow-up, satisfaction feedback of medical industry and institutions, and form a standardized, shared, mutual trust and convenient health care service process. Develop third-party online health survey, consultation and evaluation, health management, health education and other application services to promote the quality of health care services. Promote the construction mode of new network hospitals such as online hospital, Pocket Hospital and Cloud Hospital, develop Internet hospitals, and promote online registration of birth. Based on residents’ electronic health records, integrate residents’ health management and medical information resources, and carry out electronic health information services covering the whole life cycle of prevention, treatment, rehabilitation and health management. Vigorously promote mobile payment of medical insurance, combine online service hall, mobile APP, WeChat and other means to carry out data integration and information sharing, expand the application of social security cards in the field of medical insurance, and realize medical services such as medical registration, inquiry of electronic medical records and health records, and direct settlement of medical expenses. Promote a healthy lifestyle, encourage residents to activate electronic health records, electronic medical records and other applications, and improve residents’ self-health management ability. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission and the Human Resources and Social Security Department are responsible, and the Provincial Economic and Information Technology Commission and the Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine cooperate)
　　(2) Establish a telemedicine application system in an all-round way.
　　Build a telemedicine system connecting the third-class first-class hospitals and county hospitals in eastern, western and northern Guangdong. With county-level hospitals as the hub, a telemedicine network extending to township hospitals, community health service centers and conditional village health stations will be built, and the telemedicine coverage of various medical institutions at all levels will be gradually realized, and telemedicine services such as remote consultation, remote pathological diagnosis, imaging diagnosis, ECG diagnosis, monitoring guidance, surgical guidance and distance education will be carried out. Strengthen the connection of the province’s telemedicine network with other provinces, international academic institutions and well-known foreign medical institutions, and develop inter-provincial and international telemedicine. (Responsible for the Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, with the cooperation of the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Department of Finance and the Department of Human Resources and Social Security)
　　Construction of regional pathology, imaging, ECG diagnosis center, further improve the mutual recognition mechanism of inspection results, and realize the interconnection and sharing of inspection results. Formulate telemedicine service prices, medical insurance payment policies and quality management systems to promote the normal operation of telemedicine systems. Promote data resource sharing and business collaboration between high-level hospitals and primary medical and health institutions, general practitioners and specialists. Open up the data channel between health management, disease treatment and rehabilitation, and accelerate the construction of a graded diagnosis and treatment information system based on the Internet and big data technology in accordance with the requirements of "first diagnosis at the grass-roots level, two-way referral, rapid division and treatment, and linkage from top to bottom". (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission and the Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine are responsible, and the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Finance Department and the Human Resources and Social Security Department cooperate)
　　(3) Promote the application of health care education and training. Relying on the national health care education and training network, explore the establishment of internet teaching mode and method, and build an open internet health care education system. Integrate online and offline high-quality online education resources, carry out health care popularization education for the public and carry out vocational continuing education for health care practitioners. Encourage higher-level hospitals to establish remote training networks with counterpart hospitals and graded diagnosis and treatment medical institutions, organize remote surgery teaching, and improve the ability of primary medical and health services. Explore the establishment of a general practitioner training model based on the Internet, expand the scale of general practitioner training, and ensure the quality of general practitioner training. Promote the open sharing of health care education resources. (Responsible for the Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, with the cooperation of the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Education Department, the Finance Department and the Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine)
　　Fifth, improve the health care big data guarantee mechanism

　　(1) Improve laws, regulations and standards. Establish a management system of "graded authorization, classified application and consistent powers and responsibilities", strengthen the standardized management of residents’ health information services, clarify the right to use information, and effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of all parties. Formulate and improve data management, data and information system security and health data privacy protection systems, and clarify the boundaries, responsible subjects and specific requirements of data collection, transmission, storage, use and opening. Strengthen the protection of information related to national interests, public safety, personal privacy, population genes, etc., and prevent data abuse and privacy disclosure. Follow the national information standards and norms, establish a health care information standards and norms system, and promote the standardization of health care big data products and service processes. Strengthen the evaluation of standard application level and improve the standard application level. (Responsible for the Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, with the cooperation of the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Quality Supervision Bureau, the Legislative Affairs Office and the Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine)
　　(2) Strengthen the security of health care data. Strengthen the classified management of health care data. The implementation of real-name registration system for residents’ health care services and the use of real-name management for health care data. We will build and improve a unified medical digital identity, electronic real-name authentication and data access control information system for medical and health workers and medical and health institutions in the province, actively promote the application of electronic signatures, and establish a health care data management model with traceable service management, safe operation of diagnosis and treatment data and multi-party cooperation. Adhere to both content security and technical security, and ensure that the regional national health information comprehensive management platform, data exchange network and key information systems are independently controllable, stable and safe. Carry out the reliability, controllability and security evaluation of big data platforms and service providers, as well as the security evaluation and risk assessment of applications, and establish software evaluation and security review systems such as security protection, system interconnection and sharing, and citizen privacy protection. Establish and improve the safety working mechanism of "internet plus Health Care" service, strengthen the safety monitoring and early warning of big data, strengthen the linkage between safety information notification and emergency response, improve the measures to resolve and respond to potential risks, strengthen the protection of important information involving national interests, public safety, patient privacy, business secrets and so on, and strengthen the information security protection of medical schools and scientific research institutions. Strengthen information security protection in cross-border exchanges and cooperation and cooperation between government and social capital. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission is responsible, and the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Public Security Department, the Human Resources and Social Security Department, the Intellectual Property Office and the Internet Information Office cooperate)
　　(three) to strengthen the construction of health care information compound talent team. Taking "digital doctors" as the training goal, we will formulate the development plan of health care informatization talents and strengthen the discipline construction of medical informatics. Establish and improve the training system of medical informatics talents, focus on cultivating high-level and compound medical information R&D talents and scientific research teams, and cultivate a group of internationally influential medical professionals, academic leaders and industry leaders. Encourage and support institutions of higher learning, health care institutions, industry associations and health care information enterprises to establish educational practice and training bases, closely follow the development needs of the health care big data industry, carry out continuing education and training, and promote the training and team building of health care big data talents. Smooth the career development channel of medical information talents and expand the development space of medical information talents. Orderly promote talent and technology exchanges and cooperation in the development of big data application in health care. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission is responsible, and the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Education Department, the Finance Department and the Human Resources and Social Security Department cooperate)
　　Sixth, strengthen the organization and implementation

　　(1) Strengthen overall coordination. All localities should establish a working pattern of government leadership, multi-party participation, resource sharing and coordinated promotion. According to the requirements of this implementation opinion, they should put forward the implementation plan of their own regions, clarify specific tasks, and ensure that all measures are implemented. The evaluation results such as the construction of comprehensive management platform for national health information, the maturity of interconnection, the quality of health care data, and the application level of electronic medical records in medical institutions are included in the evaluation of deepening the reform of medical and health system in the province and the evaluation of strong health cities. The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission should take the lead in establishing a joint conference system to promote and standardize the application and development of big data in health care, strengthen the overall coordination of research and development, new format construction and application promotion of big data technology in health care in the province, and promote the implementation of key tasks. All relevant units should closely cooperate and form a joint force to strengthen support for the development of big data applications in health care. Promote the integrated development of military and civilian health care big data, and promote the standardization, interoperability and collaborative application of military and local health care data. (The municipal people’s government and the provincial health and family planning commission are responsible for all localities, and all relevant units cooperate)
　　(2) Focus on key breakthroughs. All localities should focus on solving the problem of big data application infrastructure construction, accelerate the construction of a comprehensive management platform for national health information at the city and county levels, and accelerate the progress of information system transformation and upgrading of medical and health institutions. Starting from the areas urgently needed by the masses, we will implement the health care big data demonstration project, focusing on promoting the application of big data such as health care, industry governance, clinical medical care and scientific research, public health and traditional Chinese medicine in internet plus. Vigorously support the introduction, digestion, absorption and re-innovation of advanced technologies of health care big data, and focus on developing the health care big data industry chain. Select a number of areas and fields with good basic conditions, high work enthusiasm and guaranteed privacy and security to carry out the pilot application of big data in health care, sum up experience in a timely manner, and make solid and orderly progress. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission and the Finance Department are responsible, and the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission and the Science and Technology Department cooperate)
　　(3) Increase policy support. Promote the use of government and social capital cooperation (PPP) model to encourage and guide social capital to participate in the infrastructure construction, application development, operation and maintenance services and industrial chain construction of health care big data. Encourage medical and health institutions to cooperate with enterprises, institutions and social institutions, and explore ways to achieve the integration of government applications and social applications in the field of health care big data through government procurement and social crowdsourcing. Encourage innovative diversified investment mechanisms, improve risk prevention and supervision systems, and support the development of health care big data applications. Support qualified health care big data enterprises to go public for financing or issue corporate bonds, connect with multi-level capital markets, and use various financing tools for financing. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission and the Finance Department are responsible, and the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Science and Technology Department, the Finance Office and the Guangdong Securities Regulatory Bureau cooperate)
　　(4) Strengthen policy propaganda. Strengthen the interpretation of health care big data application development policies, vigorously publicize the significance and application prospects of application development, actively respond to social concerns, and form a good social atmosphere. Actively guide medical and health institutions and social forces to carry out various forms of popular science activities, publicize and popularize the application knowledge of big data in health care, and continuously improve the people’s ability to master relevant applications and health literacy. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission is responsible and all relevant units cooperate)

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General Office of Guangdong Provincial People’s Government

February 8, 2017

Since March 2021, the influenza activity in southern and northern provinces has been higher than that in the same period in 2020, and since September, the level of influenza activity in southern provinces has shown an obvious upward trend. The risk of overlapping epidemic of COVID-19 epidemic and influenza and other respiratory infectious diseases still exists this winter and next spring. Recently, it coincided with a large-scale cooling in China, and the flu vaccine quickly "warmed up". However, how to choose a flu vaccine that suits you?

I. Types of domestic influenza vaccines

At present, there are trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV3), tetravalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV4) and trivalent live attenuated vaccine (LAIV3) approved for marketing in China.

Among them, trivalent influenza vaccine is suitable for children and adults over 6 months, which can prevent influenza caused by two influenza A viruses (H1N1, H3N2) and one influenza B virus (Victoria).

Four-valent influenza vaccine has more protection against one type of influenza B virus (Yamagata) than three-valent influenza vaccine, but the current four-valent influenza vaccine in China needs to be over 3 years old to be vaccinated.

Second, the way of influenza vaccine administration

At present, there are two ways to administer influenza vaccine in China, one is traditional injection and the other is nasal spray.

Among them, the nasal spray method is unique to the nasal spray influenza vaccine, which was only listed in China in August 2020, but it is not the first in China. It has existed abroad for a long time (the United States and the European Union approved the use of nasal spray influenza vaccine in 2003 and 2012, and both of them are tetravalent), but the market share has not been high. This vaccination method can effectively avoid puncture and "needle fainting" caused by injection, but as for whether it can really make children not afraid of getting flu vaccine, it seems that it is not. Although it doesn’t seem to hurt, the nasal mucosa is also very sensitive, and the way of "nasal spray" is not necessarily more comfortable than intramuscular injection. It is difficult for children to ensure the accuracy of vaccination dose, and the technical operation requirements for vaccinators are relatively high.

Third, the safety of influenza vaccine

Influenza-like vaccines are all split or subunit, that is, inactivated vaccines. After years of practice, the safety of all kinds of inactivated vaccines is relatively high. Its contraindications are limited to allergies to vaccine ingredients, and there is no restriction on egg allergies. Even during pregnancy and some elderly people with basic diseases are recommended to be vaccinated.

Then let’s take a look at the new nasal spray influenza vaccine: this vaccine simulates the process of natural influenza infection. After the vaccine is atomized, it enters the body through the nasal cavity, and the first barrier is mucosal immunity, and then cellular immunity and humoral immunity are generated by activating lymphocytes. However, this means that the nasal spray vaccine must be an attenuated live vaccine. From the point of view of safety, attenuated live vaccine may expel vaccine virus strains after inoculation, and occasionally it is reported that the live virus discharged from the vaccinator is transmitted to the uninoculated. Therefore, it is not recommended to vaccinate children with severe immunocompromised patients with nasal spray influenza vaccine.

Relatively speaking, the live attenuated vaccine has more contraindications (rhinitis, asthma, immune problems, etc.), and the range of people who can be vaccinated is narrower. The vaccination age range of this vaccine is 3-17 years old, which directly avoids children under 3 years old and the elderly who may have basic diseases. Pregnancy is also a contraindication. Even people who have used anti-influenza drugs such as oseltamivir and zanamivir (or traditional Chinese medicine with antiviral components) 48 hours before vaccination are not recommended to be vaccinated with this nasal spray vaccine.

Some foreign researchers have summarized the cases of influenza still diagnosed after receiving nasal spray vaccine or attenuated live vaccine or inactivated vaccine for injection. Among 17,173 patients aged 2-17, 4,579 received inactivated vaccine by injection, 1,979 received nasal spray vaccine or live attenuated vaccine, and 10,615 were not vaccinated. It was found that the effectiveness of inactivated vaccine for injection against influenza A (H1N1) was 67%, and the effectiveness of nasal spray vaccine or attenuated live vaccine was 20%. Compared with the recipients of inactivated vaccine by injection, the probability of infection with influenza A (H1N1) is significantly higher among those vaccinated with nasal spray vaccine or live attenuated vaccine.

Fourth, the effectiveness of influenza vaccine

As far as the effectiveness of protection scope is concerned, the tetravalent influenza vaccine containing four influenza virus strains (two types A and two types B) is better than the trivalent influenza vaccine containing three influenza virus strains (two types A and one type B).

Based on five studies from 2013 to 2016, the effect of nasal spray vaccine or live attenuated vaccine on influenza A (H1N1) is lower than that of inactivated vaccine by injection in all children’s age groups. Therefore, the American ACIP (Advisory Committee on Immunization Practice) did not recommend nasal spray influenza vaccine in 2016-2017 and 2017-2018.

A meta-study published online in Pediatrics in January 2019, entitled "Live Attenuated and In Activated Influenza Vaccination Effectiveness", recorded the reasons (and reviewed Meta) why AAP and CDC did not recommend nasal influenza vaccine in 2016-17 and 2017-18.

Please see the figure below for a detailed comparison list.

(Click to view larger image)

Finally, to sum up:Under the age of 3, there is no choice but to get trivalent flu vaccine. Above 3 years old, tetravalent vaccine is definitely the first choice in terms of protection effect. However, the price of trivalent vaccine is half cheaper than that of tetravalent vaccine (50 yuan VS110 yuan). If the money is not bad, then choose tetravalent vaccine. As for the nasal spray vaccine, if you are over 3 years old and under 17 years old, you happen to be "dizzy" or have extreme fear of injection, then it is much better to vaccinate the nasal spray vaccine than to do nothing.

　References:

1.Chung JR, Flannery B, Ambrose CS, Bégué RE, Caspard H, DeMarcus L, Fowlkes AL, Kersellius G, Steffens A, Fry AM; Influenza Clinical Investigation for Children Study Team; Influenza Incidence Surveillance Project; US Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network. Live Attenuated and Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness. Pediatrics. 2019 Feb; 143(2):e20182094. doi: 10.1542/peds.2018-2094. Epub 2019 Jan 7. PMID: 30617239; PMCID: PMC6361354.

2. Yang Penghui, Yang Lufang. Study on immune defense mechanism of respiratory mucosal infection of influenza virus. International Journal of Immunology, 2006,72(5):294-298.

3. Technical Guide for Influenza Vaccination in China (2020-2021)

4.https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/nasalspray.htm

5 Changchun 100 grams of biological nasal spray attenuated trivalent influenza vaccine instructions

North America is the largest film market in the world, and it is also the main battlefield to test the success or failure of a Hollywood film. Generally speaking, there are two institutions that regularly publish box office data of North American film market: the website Box Office Mojo mainly collects and counts the data reported by publishers themselves; Comscore, a media company specializing in collecting and analyzing all kinds of data, collects daily box office data from the cinema, which is also the main source of box office data for American media.

Traditionally, Comscore’s annual report will not be released until the first Tuesday of the new year, that is, January 2, 2024, local time in the United States, but it is said that the total box office in North America will basically fall between $9.03 billion and $9.05 billion in 2023. As for Box Office Mojo, because of the time difference, the North American box office figure in 2023 on this website is still at $8.905499 billion for the time being, but I believe it will be further updated in a few days.

"Baben Harmo"

Looking back on the key words of North American movies in 2023, the first one was "Baben Harmo": two commercial blockbusters with irrelevant contents and types collided head-on in the same schedule, and the result was not that they changed, but that they successfully ignited the audience’s enthusiasm together and became a phenomenal movie event in 2023. Barbie, produced by Warner Bros. Film Company, finally became the North American box office champion in 2023 with a score of $636 million, while Oppenheimer, produced by Universal Pictures, ranked fifth in the annual box office list in North America with $326 million.

The success of the two works has its own reasons, but to sum up, it is nothing more than abandoning the routine and highlighting the new ideas. Together with Universal Pictures’ Super Mario Bros. Movie, which ranked second in North America’s annual box office list with US$ 574 million, these three works can be said to have high original value.

Although Barbie comes from a world-famous popular toy, Super Mario Bros. Movie is based on a well-known video game of the same name, and the protagonist of Oppenheimer has already gone down in history because of the atomic bomb, they are not actually sequel to the movie or remakes of old movies, which can attract the audience to buy tickets and rely on real original stories and designs.

Stills of Super Mario Bros. Movie

In sharp contrast, in 2023, a lot of blockbusters failed at the box office, almost all sequels and series of works. In addition to the superhero movies that have completely tired the audience aesthetically, Raiders of the Lost Ark 5 and Mission Impossible 7 have also failed to achieve satisfactory box office results.

The total box office in North America in 2023 is definitely the highest in North America since the epidemic subverted the film industry, far better than the $7.46 billion in 2022 and $4.56 billion in 2021. However, such achievements have not returned to the level before the epidemic.

Historically, the box office in North America has steadily exceeded $10 billion every year since 2009, and since 2015, this figure has exceeded $11 billion every year. Before the epidemic, in 2019, although the box office performance of North American movies has been severely squeezed by the streaming media market, the box office of the whole year can still easily reach 11.4 billion US dollars.

On the surface, it seems that the main reason is that the number of films released by Hollywood studios is getting smaller and smaller every year: only 88 films were released on a large scale in 2023, while in 2019, the box office reached 10.5 billion US dollars, which was 108, a full 20 more. However, I really want to say, even if there are 20 more new films in 2023, will it be guaranteed that the box office will increase by 2 billion US dollars? Who can say that these 20 films will get an average of $100 million at the North American box office each?

Movies like Barbie and Oppenheimer can persuade people to pay for tickets because they can only appreciate the beauty of light and shadow when they are watched on the big screen, and the same is true for Taylor Swift: Time Tour Concert, which became a dark horse at the box office near the end of the year. In 2023, when the streaming media service is becoming more and more mature (and saturated), how many movies must be experienced in the cinema in the eyes of the audience? Below, we will look at it according to the winners and losers list of the five major Hollywood manufacturers.

Universal Pictures International

Wins: Super Mario Bros. Movie ($575 million), Oppenheimer ($326 million), Five Nights of the Teddy Bear ($137 million) and Megan ($95 million).

Negative: Speed and Fury 10 ($146 million), Renfield ($17 million), Demeter’s Last Voyage ($13 million).

According to film companies, Universal Pictures, which won $1.93 billion in 2023, topped the North American box office list. With the blockbuster films such as Super Mario Bros. Movie and Oppenheimer, Universal has occupied about 22% of the box office share in North America, slightly overwhelming Disney and winning the first prize since 2015.

Oppenheimer stills

In 2023, Universal occupied two seats in the top five most popular films in North America. In addition, the innovative thriller Megan, which cost only $12 million, also earned nearly $100 million at the box office, while Five Nights of the Teddy Bear turned the cost of $20 million into a box office of $137 million, making them the two most cost-effective movies in 2023.

Of course, Universal also made some mistakes in 2023, and the tenth The Fast and the Furious series was exhausted, but the production cost was getting higher and higher, reaching a shocking $340 million, which erased a lot of the annual bonus of Universal.

In 2024, Kung fu panda 4’s "Daddy Thief 4" and other works will be listed around the world, and there is still a chance to win the championship again.

Disney

Wins: Galaxy Guard 3 ($359 million), The Little Mermaid ($297 million), Crazy Element City ($154 million).

Negative: Captain Surprise 2 ($84 million), Indiana Jones 5 ($174 million), Star Wish ($61 million), Haunted House ($68 million).

2023 is Disney’s centenary birthday, which should have been a year worth celebrating. Various commemorative movies, books and activities were also arranged in advance. However, the overall commercial achievements released at the end of the year made 2023 a year when Mickey Mouse fell to the altar.

Since the annual box office accounted for 26% in 2016, Disney has become the sole overlord of Hollywood in the past few years by relying on its fist products such as Marvel Comics and Pixar; The peak appeared in 2019, accounting for 33.3% of the box office. Seven of the top ten films in the world were produced by Disney, and the box office of each film exceeded $1 billion, leaving the other Hollywood giants completely behind.

However, with the arrival of COVID-19, everything came to an abrupt end. Three years after the epidemic, Disney’s box office share was only 11%, 20% and 18% respectively. However, at that time, Disney’s box office declined because of the external factors of closed cinemas and filming stoppage, which can be said to be a crime of no war. By the end of the epidemic in 2023, Disney’s box office still accounts for only 16%, so you can only find the reason from yourself.

The most serious problem is naturally the continuous downturn of the Marvel movie universe. From "Ant Man 3" at the beginning of the year to "Captain Surprise 2" at the end of the year, all of them lost their eye-catching characteristics in the past, and the latter even became the worst box office in the history of Marvel Comics movies, which made Disney CEO Bob Iger admit that at the previous stage, they really made a big mistake of focusing only on quantity and ignoring quality. At the same time, it also reminds opponents once again that there has never been any panacea in Hollywood, and the tastes of the audience are changing rapidly. Sitting on one’s laurels and standing still is doomed to die.

"Galaxy Guard 3" poster

On the whole, among the top ten box offices in North America, Disney still has the illusion that "Guards of the Galaxy 3" ranks fourth, "The Little Mermaid" ranks sixth and "Ant Man 3" ranks eighth, and there is still the illusion that "the skinny camel is bigger than the horse". However, excluding the special circumstances of the epidemic for three years, this has become the first year since 2014 that Disney has not had any film with a global box office exceeding the $1 billion mark.

Of course, Disney’s advantage is that it has acquired a large number of high-quality assets through mergers in the past few years. After being acquired by Disney, 20th Century Fox, which originally belonged to the ranks of the six Hollywood manufacturers, was renamed 20th Century Pictures, and its box office was also included in the Disney Group’s evaluation. In 2023, they released three works, Cabinet Devil, Venetian fright night and AI Creator. Together with the release of Avatar 2 in early 2023, they earned about $400 million in North American box office. Including this part, Disney accounted for about 21% of the annual box office in North America, ranking second.

Warner Bros.

Wins: Barbie ($636 million), Nun 2 ($86 million), Meg 2 ($82 million), Wonka ($143 million).

Negative: The Flash ($108 million), The Blue Beetle ($72 million), Shazam 2 ($57 million), Aquaman 2 ($85 million).

With Barbie, the highest box office in North America in 2023 (the film also won the annual global box office champion with a box office score of $1.44 billion), Warner failed to become the North American box office champion in 2023, ranking third with only $1.4 billion and a share of about 15.24%. I am afraid that the reason can only be attributed to the poor box office performance of DC superheroes.

"Barbie" stills

In addition to Barbie, in 2023, Warner also tasted a lot of sweetness in the horror film Sister 2 and the family movie Wonka. However, they invested about $660 million in the production cost of the four DC films, The Flash, The Blue Beetle, Shazam 2 and Aquaman 2. As a result, the global box office revenue of the four films was less than that of the 2016 Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice ($874 million).

In 2024, Warner will publish Dune 2, Godzilla vs. king kong 2, Clown 2 and other works, which hopefully will lead to a comeback.

Sony pictures

Wins: Spider-Man: The Vertical and Horizontal Universe (US$ 381 million) and The Wronger 3 (US$ 92 million).

Negative: Silly Money ($13 million) and Escape from Cretaceous ($32 million).

In 2020, when the world was in chaos, Sony Pictures once became the biggest winner in the North American film market, gaining more than 20% market share. After that, in 2021, they also continued to be in the forefront. However, in 2022, when everything is slightly back on track, Sony’s market share has retreated to the fifth place. In 2023, the situation is slightly better than that of Paramount, which is at the bottom. The annual box office of less than $1 billion accounts for about 11% of the market.

Stills of Spider-Man: The Vertical and Horizontal Universe

During the three years of the epidemic, Sony released about 16 or 17 works every year, and in 2023, it rose to 27, far more than any other Hollywood factory, and basically recovered to the level before the epidemic.

The animated film Spider-Man: The Vertical and Horizontal Universe, which was released in June, is a rare Marvel Comics movie that sold well at the box office in 2023. The global box office of "Grievance 3" also reached $190 million, almost the same as the first two films, showing the high popularity of Denzel Hayes Washington Jr.. As for "Napoleon" released at the end of the year, it is not a box office success in itself. After all, the production cost of the film is as high as 200 million US dollars. However, this huge sum of money basically comes from Apple with deep pockets, and Sony is only responsible for issuing, and the package will not be compensated.

In 2024, as usual, Sony will have a wave of new films such as Ghostbusters: The Frozen City, Garfield, Mrs. Spider: Super Awakening, Kraven the Hunter, Venom 3, etc., and the box office should make a breakthrough.

Paramount

Wins: Scream 6 ($108 million), Wang Wang Team 2 ($65 million), Teenage Ninja Turtles: Mutant Fight ($118 million).

Negative: Mission Impossible 7 ($172 million) and Dungeons and Dragons: The Glory of Grand Theft Auto ($93 million).

2023 is really a year to break the Hollywood convention. Not only has the invincible superhero movies been beaten, but even Tom Cruise, which has always been a box office guarantee, has experienced the existential crisis of Lian Po’s old age.

Before the release of "Mission Impossible 7", almost everyone expected that it would be Tom Cruise’s second successful summer file after "Top Gun 2". As a result, "Mission Impossible 7" failed to ignite the enthusiasm of North American people for watching movies on the first weekend, and was quickly defeated by Barbie and Oppenheimer. The most deadly thing is that the epidemic pushed the production cost of the film up to an astonishing $291 million, which caused it to bear an excessive burden before it was released.

Dungeons and Dragons: Glory of Grand Theft Auto poster

The box office failure of Dungeons and Dragons was also somewhat unexpected. After all, the film was adapted from a powerful game IP, and the audience’s reputation after the screening was very good, but perhaps because of the schedule, there was still a lack of enough audience to join in, which made this $150 million film unable to break even.

In the whole year, Paramount released a total of 10 films, with a box office of just over $800 million, accounting for about 9.6% of the total box office in North America, ranking fifth, far below the market share of 17.6% in 2022 with the blessing of Top Gun 2.

In 2024, Paramount will release some blockbuster new films, such as Gladiator 2, Transformers: The First Generation and Sonik the Hedgehog 3, which is expected to turn the tide.

Taylor Swift: Time Tour Concert Poster

In addition to the above-mentioned five Hollywood giants, Lionsgate Pictures, which took 6.55% of the market share, ranked sixth in the annual box office in North America. They released 12 films in the whole year, and "Fast Chasing 4" ranked ninth in the annual single box office in North America with $187 million. Further back, the independent film "Voice of Freedom", which is not unusual in shooting, distribution and publicity, won $184 million at the box office, which just squeezed into the tenth place in the annual single-chip box office list in North America.

Taylor Swift: Time Tour Concert, with the same maverick distribution model, earned $179 million at the box office, ranking 11th in the annual single-chip box office list in North America. Independent films like this broke into the top of the annual box office list for more than ten years, which seems to reflect the coming of the unprecedented changes in Hollywood in N years.

　　editorial comment/note

　　As International Consumer Rights Day, on March 15th every year, all kinds of anti-counterfeiting activities attract the most attention. As consumers, we can complain about rights protection if we eat fake food or buy fake goods; But when we enjoy "spiritual food" and watch "fake movies or TV", can we only admit that we are unlucky and have no recourse?

　　After all, in today’s film and television industry, we have become accustomed to data fraud. In 2016, ip man 3 was found by the regulatory authorities to have a fake box office of 32 million yuan and a box office purchased by the publisher of 56 million yuan; Monster hunt, which set a box office record in 2015, was even more because of the falsification of data, which led the authoritative foreign box office website Box Office Mojo to announce that it would no longer provide box office data of China film market, because it lacked "consistent and accurate" data sources.

　　The TV industry can’t be immune to it. It is reported that the current price of purchasing ratings has climbed to 300,000 to 500,000 yuan per episode, and a satellite TV channel needs to pay 4 billion yuan for ratings fraud throughout the year. In such a big environment, it is no wonder that consumers always suspect that they are watching fake movies or fake TVs that are different from others when watching movies with box office exceeding 100 million or TV dramas with top ten ratings.

　　Truth | law

　　Liu Junhai (Professor, Law School, Renmin University of China)

　　Film and television works are also regulated by the Consumer Protection Law.

　　Beijing News: As consumers, should the audience get some protection when consuming spiritual products? In an environment where fake data is rampant, are we considered to be infringed?

　　Spiritual products are also commodities. It also applies to market rules, including supply and demand rules, so it is completely adjusted by the Consumer Protection Law, which means that the goods and services adjusted by the Consumer Protection Law include film and television works.

　　Therefore, consumers of film and television works certainly enjoy the right to know, the right to choose, the right to fair trade and the right to security. If some cinemas and website platforms falsify and deliberately use water injection data, brush data and box office water injection, this actually constitutes fraud. According to the provisions of the Consumer Protection Law, consumers have the right to ask for a refund of 100 yuan if they buy a ticket with 100 yuan. Pay another 300 yuan.

　　Only in this way can we exert punitive damages, severely punish the faithless, fully compensate the victims and the audience, effectively motivate the rights-defending audience, warn the film and television industry, and at the same time, make things clear.

　　The untrustworthy in the film and television industry should pay the economic price.

　　Beijing News: Zhao Dongling, deputy to the National People’s Congress and screenwriter, suggested that criminal law should be used to punish plagiarism, box office water injection and data brushing. Is it realistic to rely on imprisonment to solve any chaos?

　　Although I am in favor of severe punishment for chaos and severe medicine for furuncle, "severe punishment" and "severe medicine" are not limited to criminal responsibility More importantly, it should activate civil liability. As long as the injured audience gets real money compensation, and the counterfeiters and faithless people really pay the economic price they are unwilling to bear, the effect should be very good.

　　We often say that the market has eyes and the law has teeth. To polish the eyes of the market, it also includes letting consumers pay more attention to their wallets when choosing demonstration works, and rationally choose their favorite film and television works; Temper the teeth of the law, including traditional civil liability, administrative liability, criminal liability, and the current credit sanctions mechanism-not only embarrassing, but also a breach of trust is limited everywhere.

　　In addition, to regulate the chaos in the film and television market, it is necessary to innovate the joint punishment mechanism for dishonesty. For example, when the producer or director of a broken promise works and other creative works reinvest and shoot other films in the future, the competent authorities will know fairly well-permission is troublesome, not to mention applying for relevant loans, participating in the government procurement market, participating in the "Five One Project" and so on, and I am afraid that they will all be missed in the future-equivalent to our court’s handling of "Lao Lai". Let the untrustworthy pay the price and let the honest get the pass. Only in this way can film and television works release positive energy and clear hidden rules.

　　With the improvement of people’s living standards, people have more and more demand for excellent film and television works. In fact, a good work is not a big hit, and it is not necessary to adopt dishonest marketing methods such as thirty-six schemes and larded studies-artists should have a conscience. Moreover, the problem of video data fraud should not be paid attention to until March 15 th Consumer Protection Day. This is a big problem related to the sustainable development of our film and television industry and market. My idea is to create an "audience-friendly" China film and television market, which can be truly shared by all creative parties and ordinary audiences.

　　False | data

　　Lv Yuxiang (teacher of Tsinghua University School of Journalism and Communication)

　　Video data should be supervised, and it is also important for the audience to improve their literacy.

　　Beijing News: During the two sessions, issues such as water injection and data brushing at the box office of film and television dramas were raised by many members. Can this problem be solved by technology?

　　For example, some data platforms can filter out some abnormal data through algorithms. This has long been technically realized. It is not difficult to find false data. The question is, who will make it public? Doing these things requires costs, and it can be done once or twice. In the long run, no one (or institution) will be able to afford it.

　　Data platform is a part of the market, so this problem is not only a matter of data platform, but also a market means. Practitioners are just driven by interests and take advantage of some loopholes that can be exploited. Moreover, no algorithm is perfect, and there will be defects. As long as there is demand in the market, there will always be some people who use it to achieve market goals. This is an industrial chain, but the problem will never be solved by criticizing them without guiding the audience-that is, improving the audience’s aesthetic and ability to distinguish between good and bad.

　　The data platform is not monopolized, and its influence is different.

　　Beijing News: Some members suggested that "monopoly should be broken, and new statistical methods such as real-time ratings should be introduced to realize a scientific system in which multiple ratings survey modes coexist." Can you explain it in detail?

　　In fact, operators, broadcasting systems and media platforms now have their own databases, which may cause other contradictions once they are made public. Official data, such as some ratings survey companies, are actually very few samples in different cities. Using such a small sample to interpret a problem in a large range can reflect a trend, but this sample cannot be used to delve into specific details.

　　If you think that the scoring and box office data of the open platform are very watery, there is actually not only one platform. Some research institutions also have their own monitoring, but their data are generally not completely open and have little influence, but some professionals may refer to them.

　　Can’t rely on the regulatory authorities for everything.

　　Beijing News: Can we rely on the government to establish a third-party data platform to control video data fraud?

　　This goes back to the first question. If the government leads, the government will invest money to be a platform or invest manpower to supervise. Who will this money be invested in? Is it necessary to create a new position? Personally, I don’t think we can let the government do everything, and let the market run and solve it when there is a market mechanism. As far as this issue is concerned, the official responsibility-whether the government or the media-should be to remind the audience not to blindly trust the data. If you know that the fraud is serious, the content itself is not good. As an audience, you should not watch it. This is a personal media literacy problem.

　　In a word, we can’t let the government solve all the problems while calling for decentralization. The establishment of a third-party data platform is not necessary to increase the workload of the management department-and it may not be done well.

　　What can you do if you find "false ratings"?

　　department responsible for the work

　　The Film Industry Promotion Law, which came into effect on March 1, 2017, stipulates that if film distribution enterprises and cinemas make false transactions, falsely report sales revenue, etc., disrupting the order of the film market, the film authorities of the people’s governments at or above the county level shall order them to make corrections, confiscate their illegal income, impose fines according to specific circumstances, and may take measures such as ordering them to suspend business for rectification and revoking their licenses according to the seriousness of the circumstances.

　　consumer

　　According to China’s Law on the Protection of Consumers’ Rights and Interests, business operators should provide consumers with information about goods or services truthfully and comprehensively, and must not make false or misleading propaganda; Consumers also have the right to report and sue acts that infringe on consumers’ rights and interests. Therefore, when we meet relevant operators and use false data in the process of film and television promotion, we can not only write film reviews truthfully, but also report them to relevant departments. □ Xiaoxiao (Master of Laws)

　　BEIJING, Beijing, August 31 (Xinhua) On the 30th, the "Implementation Plan for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Myopia among Children and Adolescents" formulated by the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission was announced. For example, ensure that primary school students sleep for 10 hours every day, prohibit students from bringing electronic products such as mobile phones into the classroom, and control the number of new online games. The plan lists a series of hard measures to "protect their eyes" for children and adolescents.

　　— — By 2030, the myopia rate of high school students will drop below 70%

　　The plan proposes that by 2023, we will strive to reduce the overall myopia rate of children and adolescents nationwide by more than 0.5 percentage points per year on the basis of 2018, and the provinces with high incidence of myopia will reduce by more than 1 percentage point per year.

　　By 2030, the rate of new-onset myopia among children and adolescents in China will be significantly reduced, and the overall level of children and adolescents’ visual health will be significantly improved. The myopia rate of 6-year-old children will be controlled at around 3%, the myopia rate of primary school students will be reduced to below 38%, the myopia rate of junior high school students will be reduced to below 60%, the myopia rate of senior high school students will be reduced to below 70%, and the excellent rate of national students’ physical health standards will be over 25%.

　　[family]

　　— — Children are exposed to outdoor natural light for more than 60 minutes every day at home.

　　The plan requires that a good family sports atmosphere should be created, and children should be actively guided to engage in outdoor activities or physical exercise, so that they can be exposed to outdoor natural light for more than 60 minutes every day at home.

　　Encourage and support children to participate in various forms of sports activities, urge children to conscientiously complete sports homework in winter and summer vacations, enable them to master 1-2 sports skills, and guide children to develop lifelong exercise habits.

　　— — The cumulative use of electronic products for non-learning purposes should not exceed 1 hour per day.

　　The plan reminds parents to control the use of electronic products, and consciously control their children, especially preschool children, to use electronic products. The single use of electronic products for non-learning purposes should not exceed 15 minutes, and the cumulative time should not exceed 1 hour every day. After studying with electronic products for 30-40 minutes, they should take a rest and relax for 10 minutes. The younger they are, the shorter the continuous use of electronic products should be.

　　— — Ensure that primary school students sleep for 10 hours every day.

　　The plan requires that parents should supervise and correct their children’s bad reading and writing posture at any time, and the continuous eye use time for reading and writing should not exceed 40 minutes.

　　Parents should cooperate with the school to effectively reduce the burden on their children. Don’t blindly participate in extracurricular training and follow the trend. They should make reasonable choices according to their hobbies to avoid reducing the burden on schools and families.

　　Guarantee children’s sleep time, and ensure that primary school students sleep 10 hours a day, junior high school students 9 hours, and senior high school students 8 hours.

　　— — Not assigning homework in the first and second grades of primary school should not make students’ homework become parents’ homework.

　　The plan requires that schools should reduce students’ academic burden. There is no written homework for the first and second grades of primary school, and the completion time of written homework for the third to sixth grades should not exceed 60 minutes, and it should not exceed 90 minutes for junior high school. The homework time should also be reasonably arranged for senior high school. Strengthen practical homework, reduce mechanical and repetitive training, and prevent students’ homework from evolving into parents’ homework.

　　— — Grade one and grade two exams shall not exceed once per semester, and other grades shall not exceed twice.

　　The plan stipulates that the number of unified examinations in the compulsory education stage should be resolutely controlled. The first and second grades of primary school should not exceed once per semester, and other grades should not exceed twice per semester. It is strictly forbidden to publish students’ test scores and rankings in any form or manner; It is strictly forbidden to use the award-winning certificates of various competitions, academic competition results or grading certificates as the basis for enrollment; It is strictly forbidden to organize examinations to select students in various names.

　　— — Adjust the seat every month according to the change of students’ vision, and adjust the seat height every semester.

　　The plan requires that the phenomenon of "large class size" be eliminated quickly. The compliance rate of school classroom lighting hygiene standards is 100%. According to the viewing angle of students’ seats, the lighting situation in the classroom and the changes of students’ eyesight, the students’ seats are adjusted every month, and the height of students’ desks and chairs is adjusted individually every semester to adapt to the growth and development of students.

　　According to the plan, ensure that primary and secondary school students have more than one hour of physical activity time every day at school. Strictly implement the national physical education and health curriculum standards, and ensure that the first and second grades of primary school have 4 class hours per week, the third to sixth grades and junior high school have 3 class hours per week, and the senior high school has 2 class hours per week. Primary and secondary schools arrange 30 minutes of big recess sports activities every day.

　　— — Students are strictly forbidden to bring electronic products such as mobile phones and tablets into the classroom.

　　According to the plan, schools should prohibit students from bringing personal mobile phones, tablets and other electronic products into the classroom, and those brought into the school should be kept in a unified way. In school education, electronic products are used reasonably according to the principle of demand, and teaching and assignment are not dependent on electronic products. In principle, the teaching time using electronic products should not exceed 30% of the total teaching time, and paper homework should be used in principle.

　　— — Textbooks, test papers and other font papers should protect their eyesight and push mandatory standards before the end of next year.

　　According to the plan, before the end of 2019, National Health Commission will, together with relevant departments, issue relevant mandatory standards to strictly regulate the fonts and papers of textbooks, teaching AIDS, examination papers, exercise books, newspapers and other printed materials and publications for children and adolescents, as well as study lamps, so as to protect their eyesight.

　　— — Regulating the total amount of online games and controlling the number of online games newly added.

　　According to the plan, the State Press and Publication Administration should regulate the total number of online games, control the number of new online games, explore an age-appropriate reminder system in line with national conditions, and take measures to limit the use time of minors.

　　In addition, the State Administration of Market Supervision should strictly supervise the optometry and glasses industry, standardize the glasses market, and prevent unqualified glasses from entering the market. Strengthen advertising supervision and investigate and deal with false and illegal advertisements for myopia prevention and control products according to law.

　　— — Prevention and control of myopia, overall myopia rate and physical health are included in the government performance appraisal.

　　According to the plan, the State Council authorized the Ministry of Education, the National Health and Wellness Commission and the provincial people’s governments to sign responsibility letters for comprehensively strengthening the prevention and control of myopia among children and adolescents, and local people’s governments at all levels signed responsibility letters step by step. The prevention and control of myopia in children and adolescents, the overall myopia rate and physical health status will be included in the government performance appraisal.

　　Incorporate vision health into quality education, incorporate children’s physical and mental health and schoolwork burden into the national compulsory education quality monitoring and evaluation system, and hold local governments and schools accountable according to laws and regulations for the decline of children’s physical health for three consecutive years.

　　CCTV News recently reported on the safety investigation of self-heating hot pot.

　　You don’t need fire or electricity, just add a bottle of water, and you can enjoy the hot pot … … Nowadays, the so-called "lazy people cook their own hot pot" has quietly become popular, and some brands have also introduced self-heating foods such as rice, noodles and vermicelli. However, in the investigation, the reporter found that although the self-heating convenient hot pot is delicious and fast, there are certain safety hazards. The heating package of self-heating food is flammable and explosive, so consumers should be very careful when using it, and it is not allowed to take it by train or plane.

　　What is a self-heating hotpot?

　　Self-heating hot pot does not need fire or plug in electricity, and it is mainly composed of ingredients, an ingredient pot, a pot cover, an outer pot and a heating bag. The heating principle is to use the substance in the heating bag to contact with water to release heat, so that the temperature of the food in the upper food pot increases after absorbing heat. Besides self-heating chafing dish, it is also called micro chafing dish, clear boiled chafing dish and self-cooking chafing dish.

　　This product, which first appeared in Wechat business’s circle of friends, attracted more and more catering and food companies to join. From making hot pot bottom materials to chain hot pot restaurants, many companies have started self-heating small hot pot business. Even a good shop that makes snacks sells self-heating hot pot in its own Tmall flagship store. Now go to e-commerce platforms such as Tmall and JD.COM to search for "self-heating hot pot", and at least nearly 30 brands will appear.

　　Eat a hot pot and call the police!

　　However, there is no small safety risk in this convenient hot food. The reporter noticed that there are many reports on the Internet that the alarm will give an alarm when the self-heating hot pot is used, and consumers have sent the video that triggered the continuous alarm of the gas alarm when using the self-heating hot pot to the short video platform.

　　Consumer Xiao Chen has been afraid to eat self-heating hot pot at home since it caused the gas alarm to call the police. According to reports, she was operating in the kitchen according to the instructions. After the lid began to steam, she planned to go back to the house for a while, but before she left the kitchen, the gas alarm suddenly rang.

　　"At that time, I was shocked. I was afraid of gas leakage and specially called the gas company. The other party said that the gas did not leak after the door-to-door inspection." The inspectors said that it may be caused by the self-heating chafing dish, because the gas alarm will only give an alarm when it detects that carbon monoxide exceeds the standard, which may be caused by the gas released when the self-heating chafing dish is heated.

　　In addition, consumer Xiao Li told reporters that once he ate self-heating rice on the glass coffee table at home, the vent hole on the lid of the box just burst, and he heard a bang, and the corner of the glass coffee table burst, causing the rice to spill all over the floor.

　　The reporter bought a box of self-heating hot pot at random. After unpacking, first put the hot pot bottom and all the ingredients into the lunch box and add cold water. Then tear off the outer bag of the heating package and put it in the bottom box, and add cold water without heating the package. Place the food box on the heating bag, open the vent hole on the closed cover and cover the hot pot tightly. After a few seconds, steam will be ejected from the vent hole. After a few minutes, the sound of boiling water will be heard in the box, and the box will expand and deform when heated, and the high temperature can be felt near the lunch box. After more than 10 minutes, the box gave out a bang, and then the gas alarm at the reporter’s home rang. Turn off the gas alarm and wait for a few minutes, open the airtight cover, and high-temperature steam will blow on my face. In the process of eating, the self-heating hot pot has always maintained a high temperature. After eating for an hour, the outside of the lunch box still feels hot.

　　The manufacturer said this.

　　Why does the alarm continue to alarm?

　　So, what is the reason that causes the gas alarm to alarm continuously? The reporter dialed the telephone number of the manufacturer of the heating package. "When the heating package heats up, it will produce a small amount of hydrogen, because hydrogen will cause the smoke sensor to alarm." The person in charge of a heating package manufacturer said. Hydrogen is a combustible and reducing gas. Pure hydrogen burns quietly in the air, while impure hydrogen may explode when it burns.

　　Is it dangerous to generate hydrogen in the heating package?

　　However, in view of the hydrogen generated during the reaction of the heating package, the personnel of the manufacturer claimed to the reporter that "there is absolutely no safety hazard".

　　The person in charge of a heating package manufacturer told the reporter: "It doesn’t matter. If that thing is dangerous, it can’t be so hot in the market. Don’t think it’s so dangerous, it’s not so dangerous, and big companies are doing it."

　　safety test

　　1 In a confined space, the heating package has the risk of deflagration.

　　The manufacturer of the heating package said that there was absolutely no potential safety hazard. However, reports about the alarm of the self-heating food appeared from time to time. Then, is there a safety hazard after the heating package reacts with water?

　　Not long ago, the Shanghai Consumer Protection Committee informed about the testing of 20 self-heating instant hot pot products. The test items include the inspection of appearance and packaging label, the surface temperature of the pot, the gas released by the heating package when it meets water, the secondary water addition reaction of the heating package, the composition and content of the heating package and other indicators. The test results show that all the tested heating packages belong to "substances or mixtures that emit flammable gases when in contact with water".

　　Shang Zhaocong, executive deputy director of the National Chemical Product Safety Quality Inspection Center, told the reporter: "We have done a lot of experiments, and basically each heating package can generate about 40 liters of hydrogen. The combustion limit of hydrogen in air is 4% to 75.6%. Of course, there are other closed or semi-closed conditions, such as inside the car, which will have similar risks. "

　　You should also be careful when eating hot pot together on the tourist bus.

　　Not only the self-heating food may bring the risk of deflagration when it is used in a closed space, but also it has great safety hazards when it is used intensively in some public places.

　　Xiao Qiuping, assistant director of the National Chemical Products Safety Quality Inspection Center, said: "For example, many tourists don’t know that hydrogen will be generated during the driving of tourist buses and long-distance buses. The large-scale use of self-heating hot pot may lead to the accumulation of hydrogen in vehicles, especially in summer, when the air conditioner is turned on, and the whole compartment is in a closed environment. In this case, if the lower explosion limit concentration is reached and a little fire source is encountered, a lighter is not needed.

　　3 After using the discarded heating package, there are still potential safety hazards.

　　Experts also told reporters that not only the self-heating products may bring the risk of deflagration after reaching the deflagration limit value of hydrogen in the use process, but also there are safety hazards after using the discarded heating packages.

　　In this experiment, the Shanghai Consumer Protection Committee also submerged 20 sample heating packages in water again. The results show that there are 14 samples of heating packs with different degrees of continuous deflation. The reaction duration is more than 3 minutes, and the longest is 8 minutes.

　　If such a heating package is discarded and meets water in a closed space such as a garbage can, and a little fire source is added, it may burn.

　　Safety warning to be standardized, safety standards to be issued.

　　In terms of product standards, there are currently no national and industrial standards related to self-heating instant hot pot products and heating packages in China. In fact, this unpredictable but possible security risk needs to be clearly reminded before users use it. However, the reporter found that at present, no self-heating product on the market has made a clear warning against these problems.

　　Cai En, director of the Consumer Guidance Department of the Shanghai Consumer Rights Protection Committee, said: "The manufacturer of heating packs should first make further tests and analysis on the components and related proportions of its heating packs, including the weight, to ensure that this heating pack can fully respond and ensure the safety of consumers when using it."

　　In this test, 18 samples of heating packages were marked with main components and corresponding enterprise standard codes. According to the marked main components, it can be divided into two groups: group ⅰ is calcium oxide, aluminum particles and sodium bicarbonate; Group II is calcium oxide, aluminum powder, sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide. The heating packages of the other two self-heating instant hot pot samples were not marked with ingredients and enterprise standard codes.

　　According to the Catalogue of Hazardous Chemicals (2015 Edition) issued by state administration of work safety and other ten ministries and commissions, "aluminum powder" belongs to hazardous chemicals. In the list of dangerous goods in the United Nations Model Regulations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, "uncoated" aluminum powder belongs to the listed 4.3 substances that release flammable gases when meeting water; Sodium hydroxide belongs to the listed class 8 corrosive products. When transported by air, calcium oxide belongs to the eighth corrosion product listed in the list. The heating package belongs to the substances listed in the list that release flammable gas when it meets water.

　　According to the classification standard of the United Nations "Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods Model Regulations", the self-heating instant chafing dish products are dangerous goods in transportation, because of the danger of releasing flammable gas when encountering water.

　　Therefore, China’s civil aviation system has completely banned the carrying of self-heating products on the plane. The regulations on railway safety management issued by Guangxi also clearly stipulate that it is forbidden to use self-heating food on bullet trains.

　　Use reminder

　　Shanghai Consumer Protection Committee reminds consumers:

　　● Read the instructions of the product before use, and operate in strict accordance with the prompts, especially not in closed and narrow environments such as cars, avoiding naked flames, and minors can use it under the guidance of adults.

　　● When using, please pay attention to placing the product on the anti-scalding table, and avoid touching the outer pot to avoid scalding.

　　● After use, the instant chafing dish garbage should avoid massive accumulation or direct contact with water, and be classified according to the regulations of Shanghai Municipal Domestic Waste Management, and the used heating package should be classified and disposed according to harmful waste.

　　Self-heating food raw materials have the problem of nutrient loss.

　　Chen Rong, president of the Nutritionist Association of Heilongjiang Province and a national first-class nutritionist, said that the nutritional value of vegetable raw materials in self-heated food could not be compared with that of fresh vegetables.

　　Comprehensive CCTV, interface news, life newspaper, etc.

Author Liu Yan

Editor Xin Ling

Toutu. com

After a wave of unrest, Gao Wei fell into a storm of public opinion again.

First, it was rumored that the consumer group was "indiscriminately laying off employees". After Gao Yan’s urgent rumor, it was rumored that some of its projects were "frequently looking for buyers", "selling a lot of assets" and "looking for a takeover man" … and then the market conveyed various speculations.

In response to the so-called "selling assets" in the market, Gao Yan responded to the entrepreneurial state and said: "International markets such as Coller Capital and TR Capital are all mature players in the S market. S-transactions are more often about the continuation of assets than the simple sale of assets. In the simplest way, the seller who sells the share is not a VC/PE institution, but a share transfer between LPs. Before and after the asset package transaction, the GP share remains unchanged. That is to say, the so-called’ high-selling assets’, in essence, the share transfer between high-selling LP is not high-selling assets.

At the same time, according to the entrepreneurial state, Gao Yan is also setting up a special S fund team. Gao Wei said: "S trading has two meanings for Gao Wei. On the one hand, it can serve our LP and help the existing LP to better grasp the exit rhythm. At the same time, we are also very optimistic about the investment opportunities in the S market. For the long-term optimistic areas, we can either invest in new shares or intervene in the S fund. We believe that S trading, as a new tool, has great market potential and promotes venture capital. "

Let’s not comment on the deep-seated reasons behind Gao Ling’s trading in S, but from the feedback of the market, do we really know S funds?

The answer may not be.

As far as the incident itself is concerned, "Gao Yi sets up S fund team" has been misunderstood by the market as "Gao Yi sells assets". The so-called "high-selling assets" in the market is actually the share transfer between high-selling "LP", which can make the old LP get liquidity and withdraw early, but high-selling is still the holder of assets, and its share of assets remains unchanged.

When Gao Ying set up the S fund, it appeared as a buyer in the S transaction, and they would buy fund shares, investment portfolios or investment commitments from other investors.

We can see that Gao Ling, as an important weather vane, has begun to focus on the hidden opportunities in S trading.

The fundamental reason why the market has misunderstood Gao Ling’s fund is that many people confuse the concepts of S fund and S trading, and think that S fund is only an exclusive game dominated by LP, and GP with operational problems will passively participate. Even most GPs deliberately stay away from the S fund, which seems to have the label of "disposal of non-performing assets", for the sake of brand protection.

In fact, S trading is a good tool to help GP "make money". More and more foreign GPs take the initiative to use S trading as a tool to solve the problems of raising funds, withdrawing, optimizing LP structure, asset management, adjusting investment strategy and withdrawing cash.

After more than 20 years’ development, this innovative financial instrument has entered a milestone development abroad. The landmark event is that in 2021, the GP-led S transaction exceeded the LP-led transaction scale for the first time, and it showed a sustained growth trend. According to the latest data of Jefferies in the United States, the transaction volume dominated by GP has increased from 35 billion dollars in 2020 to 68 billion dollars in 2021, accounting for more than half of the transaction volume in the S market, among which, the continuation fund (a model in S trading) accounts for the majority. This survey is also verified by Lazard’s data.

Foreign GP-led transactions surpassed LP-led transactions for the first time, accounting for half of the total trading volume in the S market (Source: Lazard).

However, in China, the vast majority of China GPs don’t realize the intrinsic value of S-trading. In most cases, GPs passively participate in S-trading when LP needs to withdraw, and the GP institutions that actively initiate trading are rare. As far as quantity is concerned, there are only a few domestic GP-led trading cases, such as IDG Capital, Kunzhong Capital, Huagai Capital-Shenzhen Venture Capital, Junlian Capital, Xiangfeng Fund and Puzzle Capital.

As a professional buyer, S fund managers generally believe that the risk coefficient of GP-led S trading is higher than that of LP-led S trading, but the return on investment is also significantly higher. This has also become one of the important reasons why the big buyers of foreign mature S funds represented by Kohler Capital actively participate in GP-led transactions.

What is GP-led s trading? When will it become mainstream in China? How can VC/PE managers use it to create more value?

S fund has been known to most GPs. As the market tends to be hot, 2020 is also called the first year of China S Fund. However, many people’s first impression of S fund still stays at the level of "taker" of non-performing assets.

Tracing back to 30 years ago, when S Fund was born abroad, it also had the derogatory color of "disposal of non-performing assets".

"In the beginning, S funds were only used when there were major problems in American funds. At that time, some big GPs would try to avoid having relations with S funds, so as not to be labeled as’ bad’. Now, more and more GPs are actively looking for S funds to cooperate, in order to create more income. At present, the awareness of S funds in the China market in the early stage of development is at most a neutral concept. " Yang Zhan, director of Kohler’s capital investment and general manager of Kohler (Beijing) Private Equity Fund Management Co., Ltd. introduced.

"The fund expires to find the next LP, just as it is common for a girl to find an object when she is older." Executive CEO Li Miao made an image metaphor. She believes that it is absolutely unnecessary for GP to avoid the normal behavior of selling assets or transferring shares.

"Generally, it is very good that 20% of the assets of US dollar funds can be withdrawn through IPO, and a large number of other assets need to be withdrawn through mergers and acquisitions, transfer, repurchase and liquidation." As an early group of S fund practitioners in China, Li Mingming, managing director of Xingnahe Capital, told Entrepreneurship.

"The market has a certain misunderstanding of the S fund. The S fund will not simply buy bad assets, but can look at the underlying assets through cycles and outlets and invest in valuable asset packages. And in general, the return on investment of S funds is higher than that of parent funds, even higher than that of some PE/VC funds, and J curve can be avoided to some extent. " Li Mingming thinks.

"In China, many VC/PE institutions and even the media often confuse the concept of S fund with S transaction, which leads many GPs to wonder whether they should find S fund to receive assets or do S fund, and even narrowly think that only S fund can help GP." Li Miao said.

The main difference between S fund and S transaction is that S fund is one of many participants in S transaction and a part of S market. S fund is a Secondary Fund, which specializes in investing in the private equity secondary market.

For example, there are Kohler Capital and TR Capital abroad, and there are Gefei S Fund, Nuelle S Fund, SIIC Shengshi S Fund (jointly established by Shengshi Investment and SIIC Group) and Shenzhen Venture Capital S Fund in China, which act as buyers in S transactions.

S transaction refers to the Secondary Transaction of private equity, which is commonly divided into two types: LP-led and GP-led.

Among various transaction types, GP and LP have achieved different requirements (source: Executive Middle School).

Most GPs in China are familiar with the LP-dominated trading mode, and most of them are the share transfer between LPs due to liquidity considerations. Because it is difficult to bring increment to the management scale of VC/PE funds, GPs generally have no driving force to actively cooperate with S trading links such as full adjustment and industrial and commercial changes.

What VC/PE in China ignores is that GP-led S transaction usually refers to a transaction in which GP takes the initiative to transfer one or more assets or fund shares to a new fund, and the new fund will continue to be managed by the existing GP or related parties. It is generally divided into various types, such as continuing fund, fund reorganization, late trading and tied trading.

After removing the misunderstanding of S-transaction and S-fund, we further analyze the value of GP-led S-transaction to VC/PE institutional managers.

For GP, what other "money-making" opportunities are implied in S trading?

Generally speaking, passive pressure and active interests are enough to drive more and more China GPs to actively participate in the private equity secondary market. This is Li Miao’s view.

As far as income is concerned, she learned that the income of investment institutions participating in S trading is considerable. "The first income from investing in S shares comes from discount income, but more income comes from the later appreciation of assets. We are familiar with S funds and financial institutions that have participated in the S market since 2021. "

For example, a fund restructuring transaction led by Kunzhong Capital, as the seller, created a 25% DPI for RMB funds. In addition, some investors revealed that the investment return performance of individual market-oriented S funds in China is better than that of mature foreign markets, and they are enjoying the early dividends in China’s S market.

However, the market dividend of S fund for LP share discount transfer will not last forever. "After a wave of market dividends in the downturn of the secondary market in 2018, the share of S in COVID-19 will be rapidly ignited in 2020, because the share of S can accelerate the cash return, reduce the risk of blind pools, and the discount rate will increase the return on income." As a parent fund practitioner for many years, Li Mingming, managing director of Xingnahe Capital, said.

After communicating with her peers, she basically reached a general consensus that the small LP share discount transfer has actually entered a relatively fierce level in China, and the "missing" behavior of buying and selling shares at low prices between LPs is difficult to last for a long time. In contrast, the complex S trading led by GP will gradually become a new trend.

"In the past two or three years, foreign GP-led transactions have gradually increased, and now it has accounted for half of S transactions, of which single assets have more transactions. The reason is not only related to the expiration of many foreign funds, but also because S trading has become one of the important exit paths for foreign M&A funds. Through S trading, M&A funds can retain assets for a longer period of time in order to obtain higher returns. " Kohler Capital Yang Zhan analyzes the differences between China and foreign countries.

Many people said that the two core pain points of fund-raising and withdrawal will force China GP to find more exit ways, and S-trading will gradually become an important supplement to various exit channels such as IPO, M&A and liquidation. This trend is basically consistent with the mature American market of private equity.

Although the multi-level capital markets such as Beijing Stock Exchange, Growth Enterprise Market registration system and science and technology innovation board can broaden the exit channels, the pressure of fund exit is still great, and a large number of funds are entering the liquidation period one after another, and the demand for fund late trading is great. "Looking back at the VC/PE industry in China, it experienced rapid development from 2015 to 2017, during which a large number of market-oriented funds were established with a term of 5-7 years. Now many funds have reached the liquidation period, and LP urgently needs liquidity. In addition, there are many funds that take money from the financial funds with a term of 10 years, and they have also come to the exit period one after another, and the enthusiasm of state-owned assets to participate in S-share trading is getting higher and higher. The stock market of domestic S transactions is very large, with a scale of more than 13 trillion yuan. " Huang Zhenlei, deputy general manager of Beijing Equity Exchange Center, told Entrepreneurship.

Why are "second-hand share" trading opportunities more active in the stock market era?

Kohler Capital Yang Zhan made an image metaphor: "The Beijing real estate market has entered the stock market, and the second-hand housing transactions are active, accounting for the vast majority of the total transaction volume, which is a bit like the reason that the private equity secondary market in China will gradually enter the stock market; The real estate market in Xiong’ an is just the opposite. The real estate development time is delayed in Beijing, and it is still in the era of first-hand housing transactions, and there will be no large-scale second-hand housing transactions for the time being. "

Yang Zhan is optimistic about the market potential of a large number of second-hand shares in China market. Kohler Capital, where he works, is the buyer of the private equity secondary market with the largest investment team in the world, and its investment strategy will also focus on the GP-led market.

Huang Zhenlei of Beijing Equity Exchange Center revealed to Entrepreneurship: "As the first pilot of S share transfer in China, the transaction volume of Beijing Equity Exchange Center has shown a substantial growth trend in the last two years. Last year, the transaction volume reached 1 billion, and it is expected to break through 10 billion yuan this year."

Then analyze the pressure of GP fundraising. Factors such as new asset management regulations, tight financial funds, and financial difficulties of listed companies lead to difficulties in LP’s capital contribution. The situation that LP’s subscribed capital contribution is not in place, LP requires DPI, and fund raising increases the pressure on GP to raise funds.

What is the root cause of the difficulty in raising funds for GP?

Li Miao has different perspectives: "Compared with other asset classes, private equity funds have a long cycle and high uncertainty of investment returns. The core reason is a serious shortage of liquidity. An illiquid asset is lifeless, and S trading can just solve the liquidity problem of private equity funds. Money is the smartest and will flow to assets that can generate returns, so now we can see that a larger amount of funds have entered the private equity secondary market. "

"Despite the existence of market demand and GP pain points, on the whole, the enthusiasm of domestic GPs to actively participate in S trading needs to be improved. Although they are interested in S trading, there are not many real participants. Compared with overseas developed markets, S trading in China market is still in the early stage, and the market space is very large. " Huang Zhenlei of Beijing Equity Exchange Center said.

Judging from the proportion of capital contribution, the main sellers in China S market may be finance, central enterprises, state-owned enterprises and financial institutions, but the buyer’s strength needs to be cultivated, the types of intermediary institutions need to be enriched, and the pricing mechanism for financial state-owned shares needs to be further improved. Judging from the transactions completed by Beijing Equity Exchange Center, although there are occasional packaged asset transactions and GP restructuring, the trading mode is relatively simple, and GP-coordinated LP share trading is still the mainstream.

"A core point is that when the assets invested by GP are really poor, it is not S trading that can solve the problems of withdrawal and fundraising, and the cart before the horse cannot be put". Li Miao reminds some players who want to participate in the transaction.

"Foreign fund managers and investors will use S trading as a tool to adjust their existing portfolios, just like buying stocks to adjust positions." Kohler Capital Yang Zhan said that the frequency of domestic players using S tools is obviously not high.

In addition, according to the observation of many domestic people, a new phenomenon has begun to appear in the China market. When some GPs encounter difficulties in fund-raising, they begin to use S trading tools and promise to sell some assets of new LP or past fund shares at low prices in exchange for the possibility of LP contributing to the new fund, so as to achieve the purpose of fund-raising. This practice of "tying up assets" belongs to bundled transactions.

"Although there are similar binding modes abroad, the thinking logic and original intention are different." Kohler Capital Yang Zhan reminds domestic players.

According to Li Miao, some FA will use Mingchi Continuation Fund when raising funds for GP. "this method is more suitable for new funds or GP that has just come out to raise funds and is being institutionalized. S tool can help GP create DPI performance. In addition, a single old stock and asset package transaction can also be used as a value exchange to create DPI for GP. With DPI, GP will make it easier for the new LP to see its historical performance and raise funds more conveniently. "

In fact, continuing fund and fund reorganization have become a new way of playing individual head GP in China in recent two years. "Asset restructuring seeks to withdraw, and generally packages a number of assets to speed up the withdrawal of funds and release more management energy of GP. It can also adjust investment strategies, turn to other track investments, and even actively optimize the LP structure and absorb institutionalized LP. In addition, you can also make a single project fund share transfer. " Huang Zhenlei of Beijing Equity Exchange Center said.

In China, the fund restructuring transaction known as the first RMB-to-US dollar fund in China is dominated by Kunzhong Capital.

In 2020, Kunzhong Capital packaged and sold seven projects to overseas entities set up by TR CAPITAL, creating a 25% DPI for RMB funds, and the transaction involved about 100 million US dollars. Through this S transaction, Kunzhong Capital completed the withdrawal of some RMB assets, and at the same time realized the raising of the first US dollar fund of Kunzhong Capital. Also completed the RMB-to-US-dollar fund restructuring transaction is Unconfused Capital, with the transaction scale exceeding 100 million US dollars. It can be seen that the GP-led S transaction can realize dual-currency conversion and solve the fundraising problem smoothly.

Kunzhong Capital Dollar Fund Reorganization Transaction Chart (Source: Guangchen Consultant "Ten Thousand Folds Must Be East")

Guangchen Consultant stated in "Ten Thousand Folds Must Go East" that Kunzhong Capital achieved a win-win situation among the three parties through this transaction. First of all, the original LP achieved considerable DPI through this transaction, which improved the overall cash performance of the fund in 2016; Secondly, the new LP has obtained the potential appreciation space of assets in the future; Thirdly, RMB LP helped GP upgrade to a dual-currency GP with more brand influence, paving the way for GP to enter the US dollar fund market for future financing.

In September, 2020, IDG led the completion of the S-fund restructuring transaction with NAV (Net Fund Share) exceeding USD 600 million, which became the largest publicly disclosed S-fund transaction in the history of China at that time.

This typical GP-led S-trade has injected a shot in the arm into the S-market. In the transaction, IDG packaged the portfolio of one of its RMB funds that has not been withdrawn into US dollar funds, involving more than 10 projects, and the buyer was a consortium led by Harbour Vest, an international parent fund management agency.

According to the observation of Entrepreneurship, the S transaction led by IDG capital is relatively active. At the beginning of this year, the largest single paid-in "QFLP+S" fund was established in Wuxi, which is also the first cross-border S fund of IDG to complete the payment.

Let’s look at the first publicly available large-scale RMB GP-led fund share restructuring transaction in China, with Huagai Capital as the leading party and Shenzhen Venture Capital S Fund participating as CO-GP.

The scale of this S fund is 800 million yuan. As the first RMB-structured reorganization and continuation fund in China, Huagai Capital has packaged many star projects such as Fuhong Hanlin. Through this continuation fund, Huagai Capital further enlarges the value of the portfolio, prolongs the holding period of star assets, and thus improves the return on investment.

In addition, Junlian Capital also completed a typical GP-led medical continuation fund transaction in 2021, with a transaction scale of US$ 270 million. Among them, one of the important buyers of the transaction is Kohler Capital. Prior to this, in February 2020, Junlian also completed a $200 million continuation fund transaction.

Junlian Capital’s $270 million medical and health continuation fund transaction chart (Source: Zhongzhong)

Vilen, managing director of Xingnahe Capital, suggested that GP should have strong resource control ability, and it is best to find a professional intermediary or professional buyer to cooperate. Generally, GP may find it difficult to copy the existing gameplay of other GPs.

As one of the earliest S-trading practitioners in China, vilen thinks that the current S-market in China may not be as lively as most people feel. After all, the S-market in China is in its early stage, and the professionalism of the buyers and sellers involved in the transaction is extremely high. "S-trading is highly complex, the trading process is complex, the water is deep and there are many pits, so participants need to be cautious, otherwise there will be many potential risks."

Finally, many senior people said that there will be special trading opportunities and market dividends when the secondary market is depressed. 2022 is undoubtedly a good opportunity for S fund buyers to buy excellent assets, but it is not necessarily a good time for GP to sell assets.

If you are right"s trading topic"Interested, welcome to add the author’s WeChat communication (ID: ID：i20130214).

This article is original for the entrepreneurial state and may not be reproduced without authorization, otherwise the entrepreneurial state will reserve the right to pursue legal responsibility against it. If you need to reprint or have any questions, please contact editor@cyzone.cn.

　　The 24-episode large-scale documentary feature film "Dare to Teach the Sun and Moon to Change the Sky" was jointly produced by the Propaganda Department of the CPC Central Committee, the Central Party History and Literature Research Institute, the National Development and Reform Commission, the State Administration of Radio and Television, the China Academy of Social Sciences, the Central Radio and Television Station, the Central Archives and the Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission.

　　Guided by the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the New Era, the film fully implements the important exposition of the Supreme Leader’s General Secretary on the history of the Party, adheres to a correct view of the history of the Party, seeks truth from facts, and pays attention to the combination of history and theory. It comprehensively shows the great course, brilliant achievements and valuable experience of the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s unremitting struggle in the past 100 years, deeply reflects the vicissitudes and great changes that have taken place in the land of China with the lofty sentiments of "Dare to teach the sun and the moon for a new day", and makes the Chinese nation usher in a great leap from standing up, becoming rich and becoming strong.

　　From June 20th, the film was continuously broadcast at 20: 00 on the CCTV Comprehensive Channel of the Central Radio and Television Station, and the CCTV Record Channel, CCTV News, CCTV Video, CCTV Network, Cloud Listening Client and other new media platforms were launched simultaneously.

　　Episode 11: Flag Raising Orientation

　　In the middle and late 1980s, with the deepening of reform and opening up and the transformation of economic system, many deep-seated contradictions began to emerge in China.

　　Jiang Zemin: "Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party, the line and basic policies have not changed, and we must continue to implement them."

　　It is the common expectation of all people in China that the country is prosperous and the people are safe. Faced with the economic blockade and sanctions imposed by western countries, the Communist Party of China (CPC) people gave a clear answer.

　　Jiang Zemin: "The people of China have never and will never succumb to any external pressure."

　　The 11th Asian Games opened in Beijing.

　　Through efforts, China has effectively responded to external challenges. The sanctions imposed by western countries were finally broken.

　　In 1990, Pudong began to accelerate its development and opening up.

　　The opening of the two exchanges in Shanghai and Shenzhen has sent a strong signal to the world that China’s economic reform will move forward unswervingly.

　　In the early spring of 1992, 88-year-old Deng Xiaoping visited the South and made a series of important talks.

　　Deng Xiaoping: "As long as China does not engage in socialism, reform and opening up, develop the economy, and gradually improve people’s lives, it is a dead end to take any road."

　　Talk in the south is like a strong east wind, which dispels the fog in people’s minds.

　　In October 1992, the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China was successfully held.

　　The congress decided that the goal of China’s economic system reform is to establish a socialist market economic system.

　　In September 1997, the 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held ceremoniously.

　　The Congress established Deng Xiaoping Theory as the Party’s guiding ideology, put forward the Party’s basic program in the primary stage of socialism, and made strategic arrangements for China’s cross-century development.

　　Joining the World Trade Organization (WTO) is an important decision made by the CPC Central Committee.

　　The Fourth Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization: "The Ministerial Conference unanimously adopted."

　　On December 11th, 2001, China became the 143rd member of the WTO, which opened a new world to the outside world.

　　The people of the Communist Party of China (CPC), with Comrade Jiang Zemin as the main representative, have withstood a series of severe tests from home and abroad and nature, raised and stabilized the great banner of Socialism with Chinese characteristics, and brought a prosperous country into the 21st century.

　　Episode 12: Wandering Home

　　Realizing the reunification of the motherland is always the unswerving pursuit of the Communist Party of China (CPC) people and the common aspiration of all Chinese people.

　　On September 22, 1982, China and Britain formally started the negotiations on the Hong Kong issue.

　　On December 19th, 1984, the Joint Declaration on the Question of Hong Kong was signed. The China government announced that it will resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong on July 1, 1997.

　　In the late transition period, the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Jiang Zemin at the core shoulders the great trust of all China people and bravely shoulders the historical responsibility of realizing the smooth return of Hong Kong to the motherland.

　　 "On behalf of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army troops stationed in Hong Kong, I took over the military camp. You can be laid off and we will take up our posts. I wish you a safe journey."

　　Hong Kong citizens: "Happy, back! I am Chinese! "

　　Jiang Zemin: "This is a great event for the Chinese nation and a victory for the cause of world peace and justice."

　　After a hundred years of vicissitudes, Hong Kong’s successful return to the embrace of the motherland is a great achievement in the history of the Chinese nation. Hong Kong compatriots have since become the real masters of this land of the motherland.

　　When the process of Hong Kong’s return started, another wanderer of the motherland — — Macao is also on the way home.

　　Jiang Zemin: "The Chinese and Portuguese governments held a solemn handover ceremony of Macao’s political power here, announcing that the China government will resume the exercise of sovereignty over Macao. History will always remember this important moment of world concern. "

　　Macao, which experienced negative economic growth for four consecutive years before the reunification and was worried about public security, has one of the fastest economic growth rates in the world since the reunification.

　　Taiwan Province is an inseparable part of China.

　　In the early 1980s, Deng Xiaoping put forward the concept of "one country, two systems", which opened the door for the development of cross-strait relations.

　　Castle peak is the same, and the wind and rain are the same. No matter how the situation on the island changes, the historical trend of realizing the complete reunification of the motherland is irreversible.

　　Supreme leader: "history can’t be chosen, we can grasp it now, and the future can be created!" As long as we work together and strive together, we will certainly be able to accomplish the great cause of the motherland’s reunification!

Baidu "Cambodia Bar" is involved in gambling recruitment information.

With "spinach" and "Xiaobai" as code words, Baidu’s post bars are accused of spreading overseas casino recruitment information, recruiting casino promoters, and tricking Chinese people into participating in online gambling in Cambodia and other countries.

A few days ago, some netizens reported to www.thepaper.cn/consumersComplaint.jsp, a complaint platform of The Paper Quality Report, that there were a lot of casino recruitment information in the "Cambodian Bar" of Baidu Post Bar.

According to the investigation in www.thepaper.cn, The Paper, there are a lot of gambling information in Baidu Post Bar, such as Phnom Penh Bar, West Port Bar and Work Bar in Cambodia, with the code words of "recruit push, white", "new handicap, interested private chat", "coordinate west port and Bobei".

The Paper reporters made unannounced visits as applicants. Some posters claiming to work in Cambodian gambling companies said that the personnel they recruited in Baidu Post Bar were mainly engaged in "promotion" work, that is, chatting online, mostly in the name of talking about male and female friends, to trick domestic people into participating in online gambling.

"The more he (the gambler) recharges, the higher your commission. If this thing doesn’t win, it will only lose. If you come, you will be trapped." The poster said.

On the afternoon of May 10th, a staff member of Baidu’s docking domestic media told The Paper that he needed to give feedback to the relevant departments about posting gambling information on the Post Bar, and make a clear investigation before replying.

Before the press release, The Paper checked Baidu’s "Cambodian Bar" again, and there were still a large number of recruitment information released by gaming companies; Baidu has not yet responded to this.

Xing Xin, a lawyer, believes that Baidu Post Bar, as a network operator, should immediately stop transmitting such information, prevent information from spreading, and keep records and report to the relevant authorities.

In addition, lawyer Lou Jing said that if Chinese citizens gather to gamble and open casinos in the surrounding areas outside our country to attract domestic citizens as the main source of tourists, which constitutes a crime of gambling, they can be investigated for criminal responsibility in accordance with the provisions of the Criminal Law.

Baidu "Cambodia Bar" is involved in gambling recruitment information.

Baidu "Cambodia Bar" has become the hardest hit area of "spinach"

On May 8, a netizen in Guangdong reported to The Paper that Baidu’s "Cambodia Bar" published a large number of recruitment information of gaming companies, and this kind of recruitment lured Chinese personnel to Cambodia to engage in gambling-related work by means of "selling heads and getting commissions".

The netizen reported that most of the gambling companies in Cambodia are run by Chinese, and he is currently detained by the company and cannot return to China. However, The Paper contacted the netizen many times, and his phone has been unable to get through.

The Paper noted that Baidu’s "Cambodia Bar" has more than 280,000 followers, and at present there are more than 4 million posts in the post bar. Most of the published contents are "A large number of recruitment and promotion", "Welcome to consult, solve all problems and concerns for all of you, and hope to help all of you who come to Cambodia", "Coordinate Westport, which is developing into a big company, and welcomes all kinds of suspected gambling recruitment information such as Xiaobai and job-hopping personnel".

At the same time, in this post bar, posters often use argots such as "spinach" to replace words such as "gambling". A similar situation exists in Baidu Post Bar, such as Phnom Penh Bar in Cambodia, West Port Bar in Cambodia and Work Bar in Cambodia.

The ID address of the poster in the post bar involved shows that most of them come from domestic provinces and cities. Some posters claim that they are already employees of Cambodian gaming companies. They mainly publish content including recruitment information and working experience in Cambodia.

On May 9th, The Paper released job information as a "job seeker", and received nearly 100 replies in one day, mainly including "Add me to know", "How to contact you", "Group mode, resources provided by the company" and so on.

Through the micro-signal left in the post, a self-proclaimed "Baisha" who works for a gaming company in Cambodia told The Paper that his company holds a legal gaming license from the local government in Cambodia, and the gaming games are all lottery tickets that can be seen in China, such as "Fucai 3D, 11-choice 5, Chongqing Time Lottery", and players can make bets through the website platform.

According to the company recruitment brochure provided by Baisha, the company is now recruiting a large number of talents who can "skillfully operate computers and type more than 45 words per minute" in front desk, online customer service, promotion, personnel and other positions, with the basic salary and job requirements of each position.

In the next few days, according to posters such as "Baisha", in fact, they released such recruitment information, mainly by recruiting "promoters" to lure Chinese people to participate in online gambling in Cambodia. The more gamblers lose, the higher the commission of promoters.

Baidu "Cambodia Bar" is involved in gambling recruitment information.

"Promoters" lure people to gamble in the name of talking about boyfriends and girlfriends.

Another poster, "Meng Jie", also claimed to work for a gaming company in the western port area of Cambodia. He told The Paper that his main job is to "attract people and recruit people", and other positions in the company, such as "promotion", "just sit there and chat every day and fool others into gambling".

According to Meng Jie, the objects of "fudge" are divided into two categories. One is that Cambodian gambling companies directly give employees "resources". These "resources" are generally domestic gambling addicts; "Resources" means that gambling companies spend money to buy information from China and then "wash it out".

For some gambling companies without "resources", "promoters" are needed to attract people.

"To put it bluntly, the girl just wants to fool the man. You are his girlfriend, so that he is willing to register with us and gamble. The more he recharges, the higher your commission. If you don’t win this thing, you will only lose." Meng Jie said.

"Male promotion" usually pretends to be a woman to "attract people" and "entice people by sending some messages, and finally make them willing to gamble." Meng Jie said that these gambling companies in Cambodia all require employees not to participate in gambling, and once they are found, they will be fired.

Meng Jie said that he worked in a gambling company in Cambodia for half a year and pulled more than 30 people from China. Usually, the recruitment information is mainly posted on the Internet. The air tickets and accommodation expenses of candidates are paid by Cambodian gaming companies, and there are also special people to pick them up after arriving in Cambodia.

However, as soon as new applicants arrive in Cambodia, their passports will be taken away. "Because the company is afraid that you won’t be able to do it for a long time, the air tickets and accommodation fees paid in the early stage hit Shui Piao."

Bai Sha said that three months ago, he saw the recruitment information in Baidu Cambodia Bar. Because he "had debts at home, there was no way to decide to go to Cambodia". He said that he was caught in a trap. "Work is not as good as expected. You are caught in a trap. People who come to work here are forced to do it. Most of them are Chinese. After all, the boss is also Chinese, doing domestic business."

Baisha said that there are many small companies under his gaming company group, and a small company is called a handicap. There are more than a dozen handicaps under the group. There are 200 to 300 people in his handicap, and the employees are basically Chinese. Now the group’s handicap is still expanding, and they need to recruit a large number of people from China for the company.

Lawyer: Opening a casino abroad to attract Chinese citizens also constitutes a gambling crime.

On the afternoon of May 10th, a staff member of Baidu Company docking domestic media told The Paper that it was not clear about the gambling recruitment posted by Post Bar, and he needed to give feedback to relevant departments first, and then reply after investigation.

The Paper learned that opening a casino in Cambodia requires an application from the local government, and only after obtaining a business license issued by the Cambodian government can the casino legally exist.

Xing Xin, a lawyer of Hunan Jinzhou Law Firm, believes that according to the relevant provisions of China’s Cyber Security Law, Baidu Post Bar, as a network operator, should strengthen the management of information released by its users. If it finds information prohibited by laws and administrative regulations from being released or transmitted, it should immediately stop transmitting the information, take measures such as elimination, prevent information from spreading, save relevant records, and report to the relevant competent authorities.

In addition, regarding the casinos opened by Chinese people in Cambodia, Xing Xin believes that according to the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate on Several Issues Concerning the Specific Application of Laws in Handling Gambling Criminal Cases, if Chinese citizens gather to gamble and open casinos in the surrounding areas outside our country in order to attract Chinese citizens as the main source of tourists, which constitutes a gambling crime, they can be investigated for criminal responsibility in accordance with the provisions of the Criminal Law and be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention control or fines.

Lou Jing, a lawyer of Beijing Yingke Law Firm, said that such casinos were set up abroad to avoid the criminal accountability of China public security organs and the application of China’s criminal laws, but China citizens can still commit crimes if they commit acts prohibited by China’s criminal law abroad.

Lou Jing believes that according to the first paragraph of Article 7 of the Criminal Law, "People’s Republic of China (PRC) citizens who commit crimes stipulated in this law outside the territory of People’s Republic of China (PRC) shall be subject to this law, but if the maximum penalty stipulated in this law is fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, they may not be investigated."

Lou Jing said that if most of the gamblers who bet on the websites of Cambodian gambling companies are Chinese, and the settlement and circulation of gambling funds also occur in China, and some criminal acts are committed in China, they can be regarded as criminal acts according to China’s criminal law.

On the afternoon of May 15th, The Paper browsed the Baidu Post Bar again and found that there were still a lot of gambling-related recruitment information. Before the deadline for publication, The Paper repeatedly called the switchboard of Baidu Company, but the line was busy. Baidu has not yet responded to this.

Case: Opening a casino overseas to attract Chinese people to gamble was sentenced to three years and six months.

On May 15th, The Paper searched the non-litigation network with the keywords of "opening a casino overseas" and "online gambling", and found that there were five related criminal proceedings, including four judgments in the first instance and one ruling in the second instance.

In the five judgments, all the defendants were sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment ranging from one year to three years and six months, and fined a certain amount for opening a casino abroad for the purpose of making profits, soliciting and organizing China citizens to the scene or conducting online gambling.

A judgment of the People’s Court of pinghu city, Zhejiang Province on September 19, 2018 shows that the defendant Liu and others organized domestic people to gamble abroad and settle their gambling funds in China by opening casinos in Laos and other places, or used the Internet and mobile communication terminals to transmit gambling videos and data and organize gambling activities. The accumulated gambling funds were more than 67 million yuan, which is a serious case. His behavior has constituted the crime of opening casinos. The court of first instance made a ruling after trial and sentenced Liu to three years in prison.

In addition, a judgment of the People’s Court of Taoshan District, qitaihe city, Heilongjiang Province on December 29, 2016 also shows that when the public security organs investigated the Maizayang Maida Company in Myanmar in handling the mega-cross-border online gambling case, they found that Chen Mou and Liang Moumou from Maoming, Guangdong Province had successively opened new Asian and new international casinos in Maizayang, Myanmar.

After trial, the court held that the defendant Liu and others opened casinos abroad mainly to attract People’s Republic of China (PRC) citizens as the main customers, and used the Internet and mobile communication terminals to transmit gambling videos, organized domestic citizens to make dividends in online gambling casinos or serve as managers, or helped casinos collect and turnover gambling funds, or accepted bets from mainly domestic gamblers to earn illegal profits.

The Taoshan District Court of qitaihe city made a ruling in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Criminal Law. The defendants Chen Mou, Liang Moumou and Liu Moumou were convicted of opening a casino, sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment ranging from three years to one year, and fined RMB 100,000 to 3 million, with suspended execution.

In order to fully implement the strategy of strengthening the capital and further improve the training and selection mechanism of civil servants from the grassroots level, according to the Civil Service Law, the Provisions on the Transfer of Civil Servants, the Measures for the Public Selection of Civil Servants and other relevant laws and regulations, the relevant matters concerning the public selection of civil servants in Nanning directly under the authority in 2022 are hereby announced as follows.

I. Position

There are 22 people in 19 positions below the first-level chief clerk and other equivalent ranks. For specific job information, please refer to the Public Selection of Civil Servants in Nanning City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 2022 (annex, hereinafter referred to as the Public Selection of Civil Servants).

Second, the object and conditions

(1) Selection targets

The selection target is the on-the-job staff who have registered as civil servants in the organs below the county (city, district) in our city (including the civil service law management unit) (referring to the staff registration of the civil service law management unit, the same below). The above-mentioned target range includes staff who have withdrawn from the scope of reference management during the institutional reform, registered for reference management, approved to implement the transitional policy and are on the job.

(2) Qualifications

Applicants should meet the following qualifications:

1. Have a firm political stance and excellent political quality, strengthen the "four consciousnesses", strengthen the "four self-confidences" and achieve "two maintenance".

2 with good professional quality, good conduct, outstanding performance, recognized by the masses.

3. Bachelor degree or above.

4. Have grassroots work experience for more than 2 years. "grassroots work experience" refers to the party and government organs below the county level, village (community) party organizations or village (neighborhood) committees, as well as various enterprises and institutions (except those managed by referring to the Civil Service Law). The experience of demobilized military cadres working in military regiments and units below the equivalent regiments, and the experience of retired soldiers serving in active service in the army can be regarded as grassroots work experience.

5. Generally, you should have worked in the organ at the same level for more than 2 years (including probation period), and the time of secondment in the higher authorities cannot be counted.

Applicants should meet the minimum service life requirements for working in the organs at the same level. If there is no provision, they must work in the organs at the same level for more than 2 years.

Applicants who are members of the township leadership team must have worked in the township authorities for 5 years or have worked in the township (including the village) for 5 years and have served as members of the township leadership team for 3 years.

6. The annual assessment is not basically competent.

7. Have the working ability and qualifications required by the open selection of positions. Generally under the age of 35 (born after February 25, 1986, the same below).

8. Relevant work experience required for open selection of positions.

9. Have the physical conditions and psychological quality to perform their duties normally.

10. Other qualifications that meet the requirements of open selection of positions.

11 other conditions stipulated by laws, regulations, rules and policies.

One of the following circumstances, shall not participate in the selection:

1. Being expelled from the Communist Party of China (CPC) Party membership.

2. Being listed as the object of joint punishment for dishonesty according to law.

3. Suspected of violating discipline and law, being examined by relevant specialized agencies, and no conclusion has been reached.

4. Being influenced by admonition, organizational treatment or disciplinary action, etc., whose influence period has not expired or expired.

5. Newly hired township civil servants have worked in township organs for less than 5 years (including probation period).

6. In accordance with the relevant regulations, there are other restrictions on working in hard and remote areas and directional units without full service years or transfer.

For those who are hired by lowering the entry threshold and other preferential policies, they should serve for at least 5 years (including probation period) in the hard and remote county and township organs within the city area where they apply; Under five years, it is not allowed to openly select the higher authorities in this city and the organs in non-hardship and remote areas, nor to openly select the organs in other cities and other provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) in the region (including those in hardship and remote areas).

7. Still in probation or promoted to leadership positions for less than 1 year.

8. Other circumstances stipulated by laws and regulations.

Applicants are not allowed to apply for the selection positions that constitute the circumstances listed in the first paragraph of Article 74 of the Civil Service Law, nor are they allowed to apply for the positions of the employing units where people who are husband and wife, lineal blood relatives, collateral blood relatives within three generations and close in-laws are leading members.

The calculation time of relevant qualifications involved in this selection, such as service years, probation period for leadership positions, punishment period, influence period, work experience, seniority and so on, takes February 25, 2022 as the deadline, and the years are accumulated according to full years.

Third, the registration procedure

(1) Job inquiry

Candidates can log on to the "Greentown party flag Red" Party Building Information Platform (www.nndj.gov.cn) and Guangxi Personnel Examination Network (www.gxpta.com.cn) to inquire about the positions and their qualifications through the published "Open Selection of Positions Schedule". The qualification examination unit shall be responsible for the interpretation of the professional, academic qualifications, work experience and other qualifications required by the position.

(2) Online registration and preliminary qualification examination

The public selection and registration is based on the combination of personal wishes and organizational recommendation. Registration and preliminary qualification examination are conducted in Guangxi Personnel Examination Network (www.gxpta.com.cn) without charge.

Applicants must log on to Guangxi Personnel Examination Network from 8:30 on February 25th to 18:00 on March 2nd, 2022, click on "Special Topics of Public Selection of Civil Servants in Cities with Districts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 2022" to enter the registration system, truthfully fill in and print the "Recommended Registration Form for Public Selection of Civil Servants in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 2022" (hereinafter referred to as "Recommended Registration Form"), and obtain the consent of the appointment and removal organ (according to the cadre management authority) and affix the unit. The information in the Registration Recommendation Form must be true and accurate. Anyone who practices fraud will be disqualified from this selection. Those who fail to complete the registration steps within the specified time shall be deemed to have given up this registration. Candidates who apply for public selection shall not apply for positions higher than their positions (ranks). Each applicant is limited to one position.

The selection organ conducts the preliminary qualification examination according to the online registration information and the Registration Recommendation Form. If the preliminary qualification examination fails, the applicants can change to other positions before the deadline for registration. Applicants should pay attention to the results of qualification examination in time, and improve the application materials or change their positions in time according to the results of qualification examination. Because the application materials submitted by the applicants for online registration are untrue, incomplete or incorrectly filled in the registration information, the applicants will bear the responsibility for failing the qualification examination. Applicants who maliciously register the registration information and disturb the registration order will be dealt with according to the relevant provisions on violation of discipline and discipline in the recruitment of civil servants.

Qualification examination runs through the whole process of open selection. If it is found that the applicants do not meet the qualification requirements in each link, the employer may cancel their qualification for registration or selection; If the applicant meets the qualification conditions at the time of registration, and the applicant has worked in the organ at the same level for less than 2 years, is on probation or has been promoted to a leadership position for less than 1 year due to changes in his work unit or position after registration, his selection procedure will be terminated and he will no longer be selected as a candidate.

(3) the proportion of the examination.

In principle, the ratio of the number of people who pass the registration qualification examination to the number of people in the selection plan is not less than 3: 1 before the examination can be started. The positions that fail to reach the proportion of examination should be reduced from the selection plan to the prescribed proportion of examination; Cancellation of positions that have not been registered or the selection plan has not reached the proportion of the examination.

(4) Print the admission ticket

Applicants who have passed the qualification examination can log in to the registration system from 9:00 on March 22nd to 9:00 on May 31st, 2022, and download and print the admission ticket (A4 specification) by themselves.

Fourth, the exam

The exam is divided into written test and interview, with a score of 100 points each. The total score of the exam is scored by weight according to the written test and interview results. For details, please refer to the Open Selection Position Schedule.

(1) Written examination

The written test is organized by Nanning. The written test mainly tests the examinee’s policy and theoretical level, the ability to analyze and solve practical problems, and the ability to express words.

1. Time and place of written examination

Time: March 27th, 2022 (Sunday) from 9: 00 to 12: 00.

Venue: Nanning (see the admission ticket for the specific address).

Applicants must hold their valid identity cards and admission tickets to take the written test.

2. Written test results query

In late April, 2022, applicants can log on to Guangxi Personnel Examination Network to check their scores.

(2) Interview

1. Determine the interview candidates

According to the order from high score to low score of the written test scores of applicants for the same position, the selection organ determines the candidates who enter the interview scope according to the proportion of interview candidates specified in the Open Selection Position Schedule. When the last applicant in the proportion has tied the written test scores, it is also determined as the interview candidates. If the number of qualified people in the written test does not reach the required interview ratio, the interview will be conducted according to the actual number.

2. Interview qualification examination

Before the announcement of the interview, each selection organ shall conduct an interview qualification examination on the interviewee. Those who have not conducted the interview qualification examination or failed the interview qualification examination shall not be determined as interview candidates. If the qualification examination is unqualified or the interview qualification is abandoned, the interview candidates will be replenished and the interview qualification examination will be conducted in turn according to the written test qualified scores of the applicants for the same position from high to low.

After the announcement of the interview, if the interviewer gives up the interview qualification, the position will not be filled by the interviewer, and the interview will be conducted according to the actual number of people.

The materials for the interview qualification examination are: my valid resident identity card, academic degree certificate, relevant qualification certificates required for applying for the position, and the original materials such as the recommended registration form issued by the cadre appointment and removal authority.

3. The interview announcement was released

The interview announcement was released on the "Greentown party flag Red" Party Building Information Platform (www.nndj.gov.cn) one week before the interview.

4. Interview time and place

The selection organ determines the interview method and content according to the job requirements, with a full score of 100 and 60 as qualified, and the interview results will be announced on the day of the interview. See the interview announcement for the interview time and place.

V. Investigation and physical examination

The inspection and physical examination shall be the responsibility of the selection organ. The order of inspection and physical examination shall be determined by the selection organ according to the actual situation.

(a) to determine the candidates for inspection

According to the total score of the examination, the selection organ determines the candidates from high score to low score. If the interview results are unqualified, they shall not be listed as candidates for investigation. The selection adopts the method of difference inspection, and the number of candidates for inspection and selection plan is generally determined according to 2:1.

(2) inspection organization and implementation

The inspection work is organized and implemented by the selection organ according to the regulations, and the qualifications, morality, ability, diligence, performance and honesty of the inspected objects, as well as their political and professional qualities and the suitability of the selected positions are comprehensively investigated. Highlight political standards, focus on the study of political theory, system execution, performance ability, work performance and public recognition, in-depth study of political loyalty, political determination, political responsibility, political ability, political self-discipline, etc., and strengthen professional quality inspection. Strictly control politics, conduct, ability, style and integrity, and resolutely put an end to those who are unqualified in political quality, moral conduct, integrity and ability. According to the needs of the work, the selection organ can also increase short-term training and follow-up study to conduct extended inspection. For details, please refer to the Open Selection Position Schedule.

(3) Physical examination

The selection organ shall, according to the needs of the position, conduct a physical examination of the applicants. The cost of physical examination shall be borne by the selection organ.

Six, determine the object and publicity

(A) to determine the object

According to the investigation and job requirements, the selection organs collectively study and select the best candidates according to the cadre management authority and the principle of suitability for people and posts, and do not just choose people.

(2) publicity

The selected objects will be publicized on the "Greentown party flag Red" party building information platform (www.nndj.gov.cn) and the portal website of the unit, and the publicity period will be 5 working days. After the expiration of the publicity period, if there is no problem or the problem does not affect the post, the selection shall go through the formalities according to the relevant provisions of the transfer; To reflect the serious problems and check the evidence, cancel the selection qualification, after the cancellation, there are still qualified candidates through investigation, and the selection organ can collectively study and determine whether to make up for it, and report it to the Organization Department of the Municipal Party Committee for approval.

VII. Relevant requirements

(1) Applicants who voluntarily give up the qualification for selection shall submit it within 3 working days after the interview, and those who give up the qualification afterwards shall be recorded in the integrity file; If the information in the Registration Recommendation Form is fraudulent, it shall be recorded in the integrity file.

(two) the public selection of civil servants shall not be transferred from the selection organ within 2 years, and shall be reported to the Organization Department of the Municipal Party Committee for examination and approval.

(three) in violation of the discipline of the selection work, it shall be dealt with severely in accordance with the relevant provisions; If a crime is constituted, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law.

(four) the organization and implementation of the selection work must strictly implement the epidemic prevention and control measures in accordance with the latest requirements for the normalization of epidemic prevention and control in COVID-19.

Telephone number of qualification examination unit: See the Public Selection Position Schedule for details.

Examination consultation telephone: 0771-12333 transfer to the district level.

　　　　　　　0771-5624161

Policy consultation telephone: 0771-5539133

Attachment:Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 2022 Public Selection of Civil Servants Position Schedule. xlsx

Nanning administration of civil service

February 24, 2022