General Office of Guangdong Provincial People’s Government on Promoting and Standardizing

Implementation opinions on the application and development of big data in health care

People’s governments at the local level and listed, people’s governments of counties (cities, districts), departments and institutions directly under the provincial government:

　　In order to implement the Guiding Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Promoting and Standardizing the Application and Development of Big Data in Health Care (Guo Ban Fa [2016] No.47), adapt to the development trend of big data technology, promote and standardize the integration, sharing and open application of big data in health care, improve the medical service capacity and improve the health level of the people, with the consent of the provincial people’s government, we hereby put forward the following implementation opinions.
　　I. General requirements

　　(1) Guiding ideology. We will fully implement the spirit of the 18th CPC National Congress and the Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Plenary Sessions of the 18th CPC Central Committee, thoroughly implement the spirit of the series of important speeches by the Supreme Leader General Secretary and the new ideas, new ideas and new strategies for governing the country, conscientiously implement the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee, the State Council, the provincial party committee and the provincial government, adhere to the concept of innovation, coordination, green, openness and shared development, take the protection of people’s health as the starting point, adhere to people-oriented, innovation-driven, standardized, orderly, safe and controllable, The principle of open integration, co-construction and sharing, consolidate the grassroots foundation, improve the policy system, innovate the working mechanism, vigorously promote the interconnection, integration and open sharing of government health care information systems and public health care data, fully stimulate the innovation vitality of health care big data, explore new applications of data, innovate new service models, foster and develop new formats, provide strong support for building a strong health province and a healthy Guangdong, and make positive contributions to achieving the goal of "three orientations and two firsts".
　　(2) objectives and tasks.
　　—— By the end of 2017, a provincial-level comprehensive health information management platform with complete functions and unified authority will be initially established to realize interconnection with the national population health information platform. Realize the interconnection between the provincial drug bidding and purchasing business application supervision platform and the national drug supply security comprehensive management information platform.
　　—— By the end of 2018, all the listed and county (city, district) national health information comprehensive management platforms have been built at all levels, and connected with provincial platforms, forming an efficient and unified network covering all kinds of medical and health family planning institutions at all levels, and realizing business application interconnection, information sharing and effective collaboration.
　　—— By the end of 2020, the province’s health care data will be shared with basic data resources such as population, legal person, spatial geography and environment across departments and regions, and the data fusion application in medical care, medicine, medical insurance and health-related fields will achieve remarkable results, and the new format of health care big data application will flourish, initially forming a health care big data industry system. Health care big data application standard system, data security and privacy protection system, relevant policies and regulations have been continuously improved, the quality of health care services has been significantly improved, and the people have received more benefits.
　　Second, accelerate the construction of a shared and open health care big data application infrastructure system.

　　(1) Accelerate the construction of "one network, three platforms and three databases". Strengthen the top-level design and implement the Guangdong "Healthy Cloud" service plan. Integrate and utilize existing facilities and resources such as e-government extranet, network operator network and government cloud resources, and accelerate the construction to form a private network for health care services covering provinces, cities, counties (districts), townships (towns) and villages (residences). We will build a unified and authoritative comprehensive management platform for national health information at the provincial, municipal and county levels, connect all kinds of medical and health institutions at all levels, and strengthen data collection, integrated sharing and business collaboration of application information systems such as public health, family planning, medical services, medical security, drug supply and comprehensive management. Strengthen the maturity evaluation of interconnection of the comprehensive management platform of national health information at city and county levels, and improve the level of interconnection. Establish three unified databases of the whole province, namely, full population, electronic health records of residents and electronic medical records, and build a provincial-level national health big data center with the three databases as the core. (Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, Development and Reform Commission, the municipal people’s government is responsible for all localities, and the Provincial Economic and Information Commission, the Public Security Department, the Department of Finance, the Department of Human Resources and Social Security, and the Food and Drug Administration cooperate, and the first department is the lead department, the same below)
　　(two) to speed up the upgrading of medical and health institutions information system. Accelerate the transformation and upgrading of the information system of medical and health institutions with electronic medical records as the core, reduce repeated investment and improve the efficiency of information construction. To break the data chimney formed by vertical business information system and the data island formed by isolated business information system, the information systems of medical and health institutions at all levels should all be connected with the comprehensive management platform of national health information of provinces, cities and counties, and realize data fusion within medical and health institutions and data sharing between medical institutions and between medical institutions and public health institutions. Strengthen the maturity of information system interconnection and evaluation of the application level of electronic medical record system in medical and health institutions, and improve the application level of electronic medical record. (Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, the municipal people’s governments at all levels are responsible, and the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Finance Department and the Human Resources and Social Security Department cooperate)
　　(3) Establish a mechanism for the collection, sharing and opening of health care data.
　　Promote the interconnection of the government health care information system with the three databases of the whole province’s population, residents’ electronic health records and electronic medical records, share data, and cooperate with business applications efficiently. Effectively collect data on medical services, traditional Chinese medicine, biomedicine, insurance supervision, research and development and management of drugs and medical equipment, inspection and quarantine, public health, population management, education and scientific research, food and agriculture, meteorological environment, physical fitness, etc., support management model innovation and e-government development, and realize the collection of health care data, business matters and health decision-making on the platform. (Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, Economic and Information Technology Commission are responsible, and all relevant units cooperate)
　　Combined with the needs of the "one-door, one-network" government service model, we will further promote the sharing of government data related to population and health, and smooth the data sharing channel. The establishment of centralized management of health and family planning departments, Chinese medicine, development and reform, education, science and technology, economy and informatization, public security, civil affairs, human resources and social security, environmental protection, agriculture, commerce, safety supervision, inspection and quarantine, food and drug supervision, sports, statistics, tourism, meteorology, insurance supervision, Disabled Persons’ Federation and other departments closely cooperate with the regular exchange and sharing mechanism of health and medical data. (Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, Economic and Information Technology Commission are responsible, and all relevant units cooperate)
　　Strengthen data quality management, establish and improve the standards of health care data collection, cleaning, warehousing and storage, establish a data quality evaluation mechanism, insist on controlling data quality from the source, and ensure that health care data is legal, authentic, effective and available. Explore the development of desensitization and opening methods for residents’ health care privacy information, build and improve the open platform for health care data, smooth the open channels of data, and steadily promote the opening of health care big data. Explore the establishment of Guangdong health care data resource catalogue system, and make a good connection with the national health care data resource catalogue. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission is responsible, and the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission and the Legislative Affairs Office cooperate)
　　Third, comprehensively deepen the application of big data in health care

　　(1) Promote the application of governance big data in the health care industry.
　　Establish and improve the monitoring and evaluation index system and evaluation model for deepening the reform of medical and health system, realize real-time monitoring of key indicators such as medical service price, medical insurance financing and payment, control of residents’ medical burden, and drug use, deepen the accurate evaluation of the reform effect of medical and health system, and improve the pertinence and effectiveness of reform decisions. Strengthen the application of evaluation and monitoring results, and promote the formation of a new model of health management decision-making based on data, such as industry supervision, performance evaluation, input compensation and personnel compensation. (Responsible for the Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, with the cooperation of the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Department of Finance and the Department of Human Resources and Social Security)
　　Open the data channel between medical institution management information system and clinical information system, integrate and analyze clinical, operation, cost accounting and quality evaluation data, build an evaluation system of medical institutions with comprehensive information, scientific evaluation, authoritative conclusion and timely update, improve the authority and credibility of evaluation results, and link it with hospital evaluation, fund allocation, performance pay, etc., promote the deepening of public hospital reform, improve modern hospital management system, and promote the improvement of hospital operation management level and medical service quality. (Responsible for the Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, with the cooperation of the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Department of Finance and the Department of Human Resources and Social Security)
　　We will improve the monitoring mechanism for the income composition and changing trend of medical institutions, such as medical care, medicines and medical consumables, and cooperate with business information such as medical service price, medical insurance payment, bidding and purchasing of medicines and medical consumables, drug use and medical expense control, strengthen the monitoring and early warning of anti-fraud of medical insurance, and promote the joint reform of medical care, medical insurance and medicine. Accelerate the integration of comprehensive supervision information on health and family planning, realize the interconnection between comprehensive supervision and law enforcement information and health care related information systems, and improve the level of industry supervision. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission is responsible, with the cooperation of the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Department of Finance, the Department of Human Resources and Social Security, the Food and Drug Administration and the Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine)
　　(2) Promote the application of big data in clinical medical care and scientific research. Make full use of national key clinical specialties, provincial key clinical specialties, national and provincial key laboratories and other advantageous resources, rely on the National Clinical Medical Research Center, the National Traditional Chinese Medicine Data Center and the collaborative research network, base on South China, face Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, and radiate to Southeast Asia, and build a number of regional clinical medical data demonstration centers in the directions of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, tumors, geriatric diseases, respiratory diseases, nephropathy, reproduction, orthopedics, hepatobiliary, pediatrics, maternal and child health care, occupational diseases and traditional Chinese medicine. Strengthen the integration and sharing of clinical medicine and basic medical research data resources, and improve the transformation and application efficiency of medical research. Relying on clinical medical data demonstration center, integrating medical service data, drug research and development evaluation and management data, traditional Chinese medicine data and biomedical data, developing clinical decision support system to support clinicians to improve work efficiency and diagnosis and treatment quality. Promote the application of biomedical technologies such as gene chip and sequencing technology in genetic disease diagnosis, early cancer diagnosis and disease prevention and detection, realize the effective docking of genome information and electronic medical records, and promote the development of precision medical technology. Establish a genome database and a database of specialized subjects and diseases, and promote the research and application of disease markers. Create a number of precision medical specialties and precision medical pilot hospitals. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission and the Chinese Medicine Bureau are responsible, and the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Science and Technology Department and the Food and Drug Administration cooperate)
　　(3) Promote the application of public health big data. Promote the interconnection between various national special newspaper information systems and the comprehensive management platform of national health information at the provincial, city and county levels. We will improve information systems such as immunization planning, online direct reporting, online first aid, management and treatment of severe mental disorders, prevention and control of occupational diseases, early warning and decision-making of public health risks at ports, and the application functions of mobile emergency business platforms, so as to enhance the ability of public health monitoring, evaluation and decision-making management. Integrate social network public information resources and improve the early warning mechanism of disease-sensitive information. Strengthen cooperation with the World Health Organization, international and public health institutions in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, carry out research on the frontier technology of public health information, early warning and prediction research on the risk of sudden acute infectious diseases of international concern, and timely grasp and dynamically analyze the international public health risks such as the disease occurrence trend of the whole population and the global epidemic information of infectious diseases. Promote the information acquisition and information sharing of entry personnel in countries and regions where the epidemic broke out in advance, strengthen the business cooperation of inspection and quarantine, public health, foreign affairs, commerce, tourism, customs, port border inspection, maritime affairs, medical care, civil aviation, port services, railways and other units, prevent and control the imported epidemic, and improve the early warning and emergency response capabilities of public health emergencies. Promote the sharing of monitoring data of drug use, environmental sanitation, epidemiological factors monitoring, insect vector monitoring, drinking water, health hazard factors, port medical vector biology, nuclear biochemistry, food, meteorology, inspection and quarantine, sports, tourism and other industries, and effectively evaluate social factors affecting residents’ health by relying on residents’ electronic health records and electronic medical record databases.Carry out biological monitoring of key infectious diseases, occupational diseases, imported infectious diseases at ports and medical vectors, integrate multi-source monitoring data of infectious diseases and occupational diseases, establish a rapid identification network system for laboratory pathogen detection results, and improve the ability to prevent and control major diseases. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission is responsible for the cooperation of all members of the joint meeting of the provincial prevention and control of major diseases)
　　(4) Promote the application of big data in traditional Chinese medicine. We will build a provincial platform for the management and utilization of big data resources of traditional Chinese medicine, a cloud platform for health information in TCM diagnosis and treatment areas, and a management information system for chronic diseases with TCM characteristics, health services and prevention of diseases. Improve and perfect the standards related to the analysis and application of big data of traditional Chinese medicine, build a big data center of traditional Chinese medicine and a database of diagnosis and treatment technology of traditional Chinese medicine covering medical treatment, prevention, health care, health preservation, rehabilitation, Chinese herbal pieces, Chinese patent medicines and hospital preparations, promote the application development of semantics of traditional Chinese medicine, data analysis and mining, intelligent diagnosis and treatment, knowledge management, vigorously develop "internet plus Traditional Chinese Medicine", realize diversified collection and in-depth analysis of big data resources of traditional Chinese medicine, and promote the convenience and benefit of smart Chinese medicine. Develop value-added services of TCM data resources and innovative services of TCM, and promote collaborative research on major diseases of TCM. (The Provincial Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine is responsible, with the cooperation of the Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, the Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Science and Technology Department, the Civil Affairs Department, the Finance Department, the Culture Department and the Tourism Bureau)
　　(5) Cultivate new formats for the application of big data in health care. Strengthen key technologies such as storage and cleaning of massive data in health care, analysis and mining, and security and privacy protection. Accelerate the integration and innovation of health care data and new generation information and communication technologies such as cloud computing and big data, promote the deep integration of health care business and big data technology, and accelerate the construction of health care big data industry chain. Actively encourage social forces to innovate and develop health care business, and take various measures to support the development of health care service industry. Develop home health information services, standardize services such as online pharmacies and third-party distribution of medical logistics, and continuously promote the coordinated development of health care and health care, pension, housekeeping and other service industries. Promote the development of Chinese medicine, health care, health management, health consultation, health culture, physical fitness, health medical tourism, healthy environment, healthy diet and other industries. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission is responsible, with the cooperation of the Provincial Economic and Information Technology Commission, Science and Technology Department, Civil Affairs Department, Culture Department, Sports Bureau, Tourism Bureau and Chinese Medicine Bureau)
　　(six) the development and promotion of digital health care intelligent equipment. Support the research and development of artificial intelligence technology, biological three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, medical robots, large-scale medical equipment, health and rehabilitation AIDS, wearable devices and related micro-sensor devices related to health care, accelerate the transformation of research and development results, improve the production and manufacturing level of digital medical equipment, Internet of Things equipment, smart health products, Chinese medicine functional status detection and health care instruments and equipment, and promote the upgrading of health care intelligent equipment industry. (The Provincial Economic and Information Technology Commission is responsible, with the cooperation of the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Health and Family Planning Commission, the Science and Technology Department, the Quality Supervision Bureau and the Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine)
　　Fourth, standardize and promote the development of "internet plus Health Care"

　　(a) the development of smart health care services for the convenience of the people. Integrate online and offline resources, and establish a "internet plus Health Care" service, payment and credit, health management and promotion system. Vigorously promote the application of Internet health consultation, online appointment and triage, mobile payment, intelligent guidance, whole process reminder and inspection results inquiry, follow-up, satisfaction feedback of medical industry and institutions, and form a standardized, shared, mutual trust and convenient health care service process. Develop third-party online health survey, consultation and evaluation, health management, health education and other application services to promote the quality of health care services. Promote the construction mode of new network hospitals such as online hospital, Pocket Hospital and Cloud Hospital, develop Internet hospitals, and promote online registration of birth. Based on residents’ electronic health records, integrate residents’ health management and medical information resources, and carry out electronic health information services covering the whole life cycle of prevention, treatment, rehabilitation and health management. Vigorously promote mobile payment of medical insurance, combine online service hall, mobile APP, WeChat and other means to carry out data integration and information sharing, expand the application of social security cards in the field of medical insurance, and realize medical services such as medical registration, inquiry of electronic medical records and health records, and direct settlement of medical expenses. Promote a healthy lifestyle, encourage residents to activate electronic health records, electronic medical records and other applications, and improve residents’ self-health management ability. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission and the Human Resources and Social Security Department are responsible, and the Provincial Economic and Information Technology Commission and the Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine cooperate)
　　(2) Establish a telemedicine application system in an all-round way.
　　Build a telemedicine system connecting the third-class first-class hospitals and county hospitals in eastern, western and northern Guangdong. With county-level hospitals as the hub, a telemedicine network extending to township hospitals, community health service centers and conditional village health stations will be built, and the telemedicine coverage of various medical institutions at all levels will be gradually realized, and telemedicine services such as remote consultation, remote pathological diagnosis, imaging diagnosis, ECG diagnosis, monitoring guidance, surgical guidance and distance education will be carried out. Strengthen the connection of the province’s telemedicine network with other provinces, international academic institutions and well-known foreign medical institutions, and develop inter-provincial and international telemedicine. (Responsible for the Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, with the cooperation of the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Department of Finance and the Department of Human Resources and Social Security)
　　Construction of regional pathology, imaging, ECG diagnosis center, further improve the mutual recognition mechanism of inspection results, and realize the interconnection and sharing of inspection results. Formulate telemedicine service prices, medical insurance payment policies and quality management systems to promote the normal operation of telemedicine systems. Promote data resource sharing and business collaboration between high-level hospitals and primary medical and health institutions, general practitioners and specialists. Open up the data channel between health management, disease treatment and rehabilitation, and accelerate the construction of a graded diagnosis and treatment information system based on the Internet and big data technology in accordance with the requirements of "first diagnosis at the grass-roots level, two-way referral, rapid division and treatment, and linkage from top to bottom". (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission and the Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine are responsible, and the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Finance Department and the Human Resources and Social Security Department cooperate)
　　(3) Promote the application of health care education and training. Relying on the national health care education and training network, explore the establishment of internet teaching mode and method, and build an open internet health care education system. Integrate online and offline high-quality online education resources, carry out health care popularization education for the public and carry out vocational continuing education for health care practitioners. Encourage higher-level hospitals to establish remote training networks with counterpart hospitals and graded diagnosis and treatment medical institutions, organize remote surgery teaching, and improve the ability of primary medical and health services. Explore the establishment of a general practitioner training model based on the Internet, expand the scale of general practitioner training, and ensure the quality of general practitioner training. Promote the open sharing of health care education resources. (Responsible for the Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, with the cooperation of the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Education Department, the Finance Department and the Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine)
　　Fifth, improve the health care big data guarantee mechanism

　　(1) Improve laws, regulations and standards. Establish a management system of "graded authorization, classified application and consistent powers and responsibilities", strengthen the standardized management of residents’ health information services, clarify the right to use information, and effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of all parties. Formulate and improve data management, data and information system security and health data privacy protection systems, and clarify the boundaries, responsible subjects and specific requirements of data collection, transmission, storage, use and opening. Strengthen the protection of information related to national interests, public safety, personal privacy, population genes, etc., and prevent data abuse and privacy disclosure. Follow the national information standards and norms, establish a health care information standards and norms system, and promote the standardization of health care big data products and service processes. Strengthen the evaluation of standard application level and improve the standard application level. (Responsible for the Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, with the cooperation of the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Quality Supervision Bureau, the Legislative Affairs Office and the Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine)
　　(2) Strengthen the security of health care data. Strengthen the classified management of health care data. The implementation of real-name registration system for residents’ health care services and the use of real-name management for health care data. We will build and improve a unified medical digital identity, electronic real-name authentication and data access control information system for medical and health workers and medical and health institutions in the province, actively promote the application of electronic signatures, and establish a health care data management model with traceable service management, safe operation of diagnosis and treatment data and multi-party cooperation. Adhere to both content security and technical security, and ensure that the regional national health information comprehensive management platform, data exchange network and key information systems are independently controllable, stable and safe. Carry out the reliability, controllability and security evaluation of big data platforms and service providers, as well as the security evaluation and risk assessment of applications, and establish software evaluation and security review systems such as security protection, system interconnection and sharing, and citizen privacy protection. Establish and improve the safety working mechanism of "internet plus Health Care" service, strengthen the safety monitoring and early warning of big data, strengthen the linkage between safety information notification and emergency response, improve the measures to resolve and respond to potential risks, strengthen the protection of important information involving national interests, public safety, patient privacy, business secrets and so on, and strengthen the information security protection of medical schools and scientific research institutions. Strengthen information security protection in cross-border exchanges and cooperation and cooperation between government and social capital. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission is responsible, and the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Public Security Department, the Human Resources and Social Security Department, the Intellectual Property Office and the Internet Information Office cooperate)
　　(three) to strengthen the construction of health care information compound talent team. Taking "digital doctors" as the training goal, we will formulate the development plan of health care informatization talents and strengthen the discipline construction of medical informatics. Establish and improve the training system of medical informatics talents, focus on cultivating high-level and compound medical information R&D talents and scientific research teams, and cultivate a group of internationally influential medical professionals, academic leaders and industry leaders. Encourage and support institutions of higher learning, health care institutions, industry associations and health care information enterprises to establish educational practice and training bases, closely follow the development needs of the health care big data industry, carry out continuing education and training, and promote the training and team building of health care big data talents. Smooth the career development channel of medical information talents and expand the development space of medical information talents. Orderly promote talent and technology exchanges and cooperation in the development of big data application in health care. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission is responsible, and the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Education Department, the Finance Department and the Human Resources and Social Security Department cooperate)
　　Sixth, strengthen the organization and implementation

　　(1) Strengthen overall coordination. All localities should establish a working pattern of government leadership, multi-party participation, resource sharing and coordinated promotion. According to the requirements of this implementation opinion, they should put forward the implementation plan of their own regions, clarify specific tasks, and ensure that all measures are implemented. The evaluation results such as the construction of comprehensive management platform for national health information, the maturity of interconnection, the quality of health care data, and the application level of electronic medical records in medical institutions are included in the evaluation of deepening the reform of medical and health system in the province and the evaluation of strong health cities. The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission should take the lead in establishing a joint conference system to promote and standardize the application and development of big data in health care, strengthen the overall coordination of research and development, new format construction and application promotion of big data technology in health care in the province, and promote the implementation of key tasks. All relevant units should closely cooperate and form a joint force to strengthen support for the development of big data applications in health care. Promote the integrated development of military and civilian health care big data, and promote the standardization, interoperability and collaborative application of military and local health care data. (The municipal people’s government and the provincial health and family planning commission are responsible for all localities, and all relevant units cooperate)
　　(2) Focus on key breakthroughs. All localities should focus on solving the problem of big data application infrastructure construction, accelerate the construction of a comprehensive management platform for national health information at the city and county levels, and accelerate the progress of information system transformation and upgrading of medical and health institutions. Starting from the areas urgently needed by the masses, we will implement the health care big data demonstration project, focusing on promoting the application of big data such as health care, industry governance, clinical medical care and scientific research, public health and traditional Chinese medicine in internet plus. Vigorously support the introduction, digestion, absorption and re-innovation of advanced technologies of health care big data, and focus on developing the health care big data industry chain. Select a number of areas and fields with good basic conditions, high work enthusiasm and guaranteed privacy and security to carry out the pilot application of big data in health care, sum up experience in a timely manner, and make solid and orderly progress. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission and the Finance Department are responsible, and the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission and the Science and Technology Department cooperate)
　　(3) Increase policy support. Promote the use of government and social capital cooperation (PPP) model to encourage and guide social capital to participate in the infrastructure construction, application development, operation and maintenance services and industrial chain construction of health care big data. Encourage medical and health institutions to cooperate with enterprises, institutions and social institutions, and explore ways to achieve the integration of government applications and social applications in the field of health care big data through government procurement and social crowdsourcing. Encourage innovative diversified investment mechanisms, improve risk prevention and supervision systems, and support the development of health care big data applications. Support qualified health care big data enterprises to go public for financing or issue corporate bonds, connect with multi-level capital markets, and use various financing tools for financing. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission and the Finance Department are responsible, and the Provincial Development and Reform Commission, the Economic and Information Commission, the Science and Technology Department, the Finance Office and the Guangdong Securities Regulatory Bureau cooperate)
　　(4) Strengthen policy propaganda. Strengthen the interpretation of health care big data application development policies, vigorously publicize the significance and application prospects of application development, actively respond to social concerns, and form a good social atmosphere. Actively guide medical and health institutions and social forces to carry out various forms of popular science activities, publicize and popularize the application knowledge of big data in health care, and continuously improve the people’s ability to master relevant applications and health literacy. (The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission is responsible and all relevant units cooperate)

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General Office of Guangdong Provincial People’s Government

February 8, 2017

Since March 2021, the influenza activity in southern and northern provinces has been higher than that in the same period in 2020, and since September, the level of influenza activity in southern provinces has shown an obvious upward trend. The risk of overlapping epidemic of COVID-19 epidemic and influenza and other respiratory infectious diseases still exists this winter and next spring. Recently, it coincided with a large-scale cooling in China, and the flu vaccine quickly "warmed up". However, how to choose a flu vaccine that suits you?

I. Types of domestic influenza vaccines

At present, there are trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV3), tetravalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV4) and trivalent live attenuated vaccine (LAIV3) approved for marketing in China.

Among them, trivalent influenza vaccine is suitable for children and adults over 6 months, which can prevent influenza caused by two influenza A viruses (H1N1, H3N2) and one influenza B virus (Victoria).

Four-valent influenza vaccine has more protection against one type of influenza B virus (Yamagata) than three-valent influenza vaccine, but the current four-valent influenza vaccine in China needs to be over 3 years old to be vaccinated.

Second, the way of influenza vaccine administration

At present, there are two ways to administer influenza vaccine in China, one is traditional injection and the other is nasal spray.

Among them, the nasal spray method is unique to the nasal spray influenza vaccine, which was only listed in China in August 2020, but it is not the first in China. It has existed abroad for a long time (the United States and the European Union approved the use of nasal spray influenza vaccine in 2003 and 2012, and both of them are tetravalent), but the market share has not been high. This vaccination method can effectively avoid puncture and "needle fainting" caused by injection, but as for whether it can really make children not afraid of getting flu vaccine, it seems that it is not. Although it doesn’t seem to hurt, the nasal mucosa is also very sensitive, and the way of "nasal spray" is not necessarily more comfortable than intramuscular injection. It is difficult for children to ensure the accuracy of vaccination dose, and the technical operation requirements for vaccinators are relatively high.

Third, the safety of influenza vaccine

Influenza-like vaccines are all split or subunit, that is, inactivated vaccines. After years of practice, the safety of all kinds of inactivated vaccines is relatively high. Its contraindications are limited to allergies to vaccine ingredients, and there is no restriction on egg allergies. Even during pregnancy and some elderly people with basic diseases are recommended to be vaccinated.

Then let’s take a look at the new nasal spray influenza vaccine: this vaccine simulates the process of natural influenza infection. After the vaccine is atomized, it enters the body through the nasal cavity, and the first barrier is mucosal immunity, and then cellular immunity and humoral immunity are generated by activating lymphocytes. However, this means that the nasal spray vaccine must be an attenuated live vaccine. From the point of view of safety, attenuated live vaccine may expel vaccine virus strains after inoculation, and occasionally it is reported that the live virus discharged from the vaccinator is transmitted to the uninoculated. Therefore, it is not recommended to vaccinate children with severe immunocompromised patients with nasal spray influenza vaccine.

Relatively speaking, the live attenuated vaccine has more contraindications (rhinitis, asthma, immune problems, etc.), and the range of people who can be vaccinated is narrower. The vaccination age range of this vaccine is 3-17 years old, which directly avoids children under 3 years old and the elderly who may have basic diseases. Pregnancy is also a contraindication. Even people who have used anti-influenza drugs such as oseltamivir and zanamivir (or traditional Chinese medicine with antiviral components) 48 hours before vaccination are not recommended to be vaccinated with this nasal spray vaccine.

Some foreign researchers have summarized the cases of influenza still diagnosed after receiving nasal spray vaccine or attenuated live vaccine or inactivated vaccine for injection. Among 17,173 patients aged 2-17, 4,579 received inactivated vaccine by injection, 1,979 received nasal spray vaccine or live attenuated vaccine, and 10,615 were not vaccinated. It was found that the effectiveness of inactivated vaccine for injection against influenza A (H1N1) was 67%, and the effectiveness of nasal spray vaccine or attenuated live vaccine was 20%. Compared with the recipients of inactivated vaccine by injection, the probability of infection with influenza A (H1N1) is significantly higher among those vaccinated with nasal spray vaccine or live attenuated vaccine.

Fourth, the effectiveness of influenza vaccine

As far as the effectiveness of protection scope is concerned, the tetravalent influenza vaccine containing four influenza virus strains (two types A and two types B) is better than the trivalent influenza vaccine containing three influenza virus strains (two types A and one type B).

Based on five studies from 2013 to 2016, the effect of nasal spray vaccine or live attenuated vaccine on influenza A (H1N1) is lower than that of inactivated vaccine by injection in all children’s age groups. Therefore, the American ACIP (Advisory Committee on Immunization Practice) did not recommend nasal spray influenza vaccine in 2016-2017 and 2017-2018.

A meta-study published online in Pediatrics in January 2019, entitled "Live Attenuated and In Activated Influenza Vaccination Effectiveness", recorded the reasons (and reviewed Meta) why AAP and CDC did not recommend nasal influenza vaccine in 2016-17 and 2017-18.

Please see the figure below for a detailed comparison list.

(Click to view larger image)

Finally, to sum up:Under the age of 3, there is no choice but to get trivalent flu vaccine. Above 3 years old, tetravalent vaccine is definitely the first choice in terms of protection effect. However, the price of trivalent vaccine is half cheaper than that of tetravalent vaccine (50 yuan VS110 yuan). If the money is not bad, then choose tetravalent vaccine. As for the nasal spray vaccine, if you are over 3 years old and under 17 years old, you happen to be "dizzy" or have extreme fear of injection, then it is much better to vaccinate the nasal spray vaccine than to do nothing.

　References:

1.Chung JR, Flannery B, Ambrose CS, Bégué RE, Caspard H, DeMarcus L, Fowlkes AL, Kersellius G, Steffens A, Fry AM; Influenza Clinical Investigation for Children Study Team; Influenza Incidence Surveillance Project; US Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network. Live Attenuated and Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness. Pediatrics. 2019 Feb; 143(2):e20182094. doi: 10.1542/peds.2018-2094. Epub 2019 Jan 7. PMID: 30617239; PMCID: PMC6361354.

2. Yang Penghui, Yang Lufang. Study on immune defense mechanism of respiratory mucosal infection of influenza virus. International Journal of Immunology, 2006,72(5):294-298.

3. Technical Guide for Influenza Vaccination in China (2020-2021)

4.https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/nasalspray.htm

5 Changchun 100 grams of biological nasal spray attenuated trivalent influenza vaccine instructions

North America is the largest film market in the world, and it is also the main battlefield to test the success or failure of a Hollywood film. Generally speaking, there are two institutions that regularly publish box office data of North American film market: the website Box Office Mojo mainly collects and counts the data reported by publishers themselves; Comscore, a media company specializing in collecting and analyzing all kinds of data, collects daily box office data from the cinema, which is also the main source of box office data for American media.

Traditionally, Comscore’s annual report will not be released until the first Tuesday of the new year, that is, January 2, 2024, local time in the United States, but it is said that the total box office in North America will basically fall between $9.03 billion and $9.05 billion in 2023. As for Box Office Mojo, because of the time difference, the North American box office figure in 2023 on this website is still at $8.905499 billion for the time being, but I believe it will be further updated in a few days.

"Baben Harmo"

Looking back on the key words of North American movies in 2023, the first one was "Baben Harmo": two commercial blockbusters with irrelevant contents and types collided head-on in the same schedule, and the result was not that they changed, but that they successfully ignited the audience’s enthusiasm together and became a phenomenal movie event in 2023. Barbie, produced by Warner Bros. Film Company, finally became the North American box office champion in 2023 with a score of $636 million, while Oppenheimer, produced by Universal Pictures, ranked fifth in the annual box office list in North America with $326 million.

The success of the two works has its own reasons, but to sum up, it is nothing more than abandoning the routine and highlighting the new ideas. Together with Universal Pictures’ Super Mario Bros. Movie, which ranked second in North America’s annual box office list with US$ 574 million, these three works can be said to have high original value.

Although Barbie comes from a world-famous popular toy, Super Mario Bros. Movie is based on a well-known video game of the same name, and the protagonist of Oppenheimer has already gone down in history because of the atomic bomb, they are not actually sequel to the movie or remakes of old movies, which can attract the audience to buy tickets and rely on real original stories and designs.

Stills of Super Mario Bros. Movie

In sharp contrast, in 2023, a lot of blockbusters failed at the box office, almost all sequels and series of works. In addition to the superhero movies that have completely tired the audience aesthetically, Raiders of the Lost Ark 5 and Mission Impossible 7 have also failed to achieve satisfactory box office results.

The total box office in North America in 2023 is definitely the highest in North America since the epidemic subverted the film industry, far better than the $7.46 billion in 2022 and $4.56 billion in 2021. However, such achievements have not returned to the level before the epidemic.

Historically, the box office in North America has steadily exceeded $10 billion every year since 2009, and since 2015, this figure has exceeded $11 billion every year. Before the epidemic, in 2019, although the box office performance of North American movies has been severely squeezed by the streaming media market, the box office of the whole year can still easily reach 11.4 billion US dollars.

On the surface, it seems that the main reason is that the number of films released by Hollywood studios is getting smaller and smaller every year: only 88 films were released on a large scale in 2023, while in 2019, the box office reached 10.5 billion US dollars, which was 108, a full 20 more. However, I really want to say, even if there are 20 more new films in 2023, will it be guaranteed that the box office will increase by 2 billion US dollars? Who can say that these 20 films will get an average of $100 million at the North American box office each?

Movies like Barbie and Oppenheimer can persuade people to pay for tickets because they can only appreciate the beauty of light and shadow when they are watched on the big screen, and the same is true for Taylor Swift: Time Tour Concert, which became a dark horse at the box office near the end of the year. In 2023, when the streaming media service is becoming more and more mature (and saturated), how many movies must be experienced in the cinema in the eyes of the audience? Below, we will look at it according to the winners and losers list of the five major Hollywood manufacturers.

Universal Pictures International

Wins: Super Mario Bros. Movie ($575 million), Oppenheimer ($326 million), Five Nights of the Teddy Bear ($137 million) and Megan ($95 million).

Negative: Speed and Fury 10 ($146 million), Renfield ($17 million), Demeter’s Last Voyage ($13 million).

According to film companies, Universal Pictures, which won $1.93 billion in 2023, topped the North American box office list. With the blockbuster films such as Super Mario Bros. Movie and Oppenheimer, Universal has occupied about 22% of the box office share in North America, slightly overwhelming Disney and winning the first prize since 2015.

Oppenheimer stills

In 2023, Universal occupied two seats in the top five most popular films in North America. In addition, the innovative thriller Megan, which cost only $12 million, also earned nearly $100 million at the box office, while Five Nights of the Teddy Bear turned the cost of $20 million into a box office of $137 million, making them the two most cost-effective movies in 2023.

Of course, Universal also made some mistakes in 2023, and the tenth The Fast and the Furious series was exhausted, but the production cost was getting higher and higher, reaching a shocking $340 million, which erased a lot of the annual bonus of Universal.

In 2024, Kung fu panda 4’s "Daddy Thief 4" and other works will be listed around the world, and there is still a chance to win the championship again.

Disney

Wins: Galaxy Guard 3 ($359 million), The Little Mermaid ($297 million), Crazy Element City ($154 million).

Negative: Captain Surprise 2 ($84 million), Indiana Jones 5 ($174 million), Star Wish ($61 million), Haunted House ($68 million).

2023 is Disney’s centenary birthday, which should have been a year worth celebrating. Various commemorative movies, books and activities were also arranged in advance. However, the overall commercial achievements released at the end of the year made 2023 a year when Mickey Mouse fell to the altar.

Since the annual box office accounted for 26% in 2016, Disney has become the sole overlord of Hollywood in the past few years by relying on its fist products such as Marvel Comics and Pixar; The peak appeared in 2019, accounting for 33.3% of the box office. Seven of the top ten films in the world were produced by Disney, and the box office of each film exceeded $1 billion, leaving the other Hollywood giants completely behind.

However, with the arrival of COVID-19, everything came to an abrupt end. Three years after the epidemic, Disney’s box office share was only 11%, 20% and 18% respectively. However, at that time, Disney’s box office declined because of the external factors of closed cinemas and filming stoppage, which can be said to be a crime of no war. By the end of the epidemic in 2023, Disney’s box office still accounts for only 16%, so you can only find the reason from yourself.

The most serious problem is naturally the continuous downturn of the Marvel movie universe. From "Ant Man 3" at the beginning of the year to "Captain Surprise 2" at the end of the year, all of them lost their eye-catching characteristics in the past, and the latter even became the worst box office in the history of Marvel Comics movies, which made Disney CEO Bob Iger admit that at the previous stage, they really made a big mistake of focusing only on quantity and ignoring quality. At the same time, it also reminds opponents once again that there has never been any panacea in Hollywood, and the tastes of the audience are changing rapidly. Sitting on one’s laurels and standing still is doomed to die.

"Galaxy Guard 3" poster

On the whole, among the top ten box offices in North America, Disney still has the illusion that "Guards of the Galaxy 3" ranks fourth, "The Little Mermaid" ranks sixth and "Ant Man 3" ranks eighth, and there is still the illusion that "the skinny camel is bigger than the horse". However, excluding the special circumstances of the epidemic for three years, this has become the first year since 2014 that Disney has not had any film with a global box office exceeding the $1 billion mark.

Of course, Disney’s advantage is that it has acquired a large number of high-quality assets through mergers in the past few years. After being acquired by Disney, 20th Century Fox, which originally belonged to the ranks of the six Hollywood manufacturers, was renamed 20th Century Pictures, and its box office was also included in the Disney Group’s evaluation. In 2023, they released three works, Cabinet Devil, Venetian fright night and AI Creator. Together with the release of Avatar 2 in early 2023, they earned about $400 million in North American box office. Including this part, Disney accounted for about 21% of the annual box office in North America, ranking second.

Warner Bros.

Wins: Barbie ($636 million), Nun 2 ($86 million), Meg 2 ($82 million), Wonka ($143 million).

Negative: The Flash ($108 million), The Blue Beetle ($72 million), Shazam 2 ($57 million), Aquaman 2 ($85 million).

With Barbie, the highest box office in North America in 2023 (the film also won the annual global box office champion with a box office score of $1.44 billion), Warner failed to become the North American box office champion in 2023, ranking third with only $1.4 billion and a share of about 15.24%. I am afraid that the reason can only be attributed to the poor box office performance of DC superheroes.

"Barbie" stills

In addition to Barbie, in 2023, Warner also tasted a lot of sweetness in the horror film Sister 2 and the family movie Wonka. However, they invested about $660 million in the production cost of the four DC films, The Flash, The Blue Beetle, Shazam 2 and Aquaman 2. As a result, the global box office revenue of the four films was less than that of the 2016 Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice ($874 million).

In 2024, Warner will publish Dune 2, Godzilla vs. king kong 2, Clown 2 and other works, which hopefully will lead to a comeback.

Sony pictures

Wins: Spider-Man: The Vertical and Horizontal Universe (US$ 381 million) and The Wronger 3 (US$ 92 million).

Negative: Silly Money ($13 million) and Escape from Cretaceous ($32 million).

In 2020, when the world was in chaos, Sony Pictures once became the biggest winner in the North American film market, gaining more than 20% market share. After that, in 2021, they also continued to be in the forefront. However, in 2022, when everything is slightly back on track, Sony’s market share has retreated to the fifth place. In 2023, the situation is slightly better than that of Paramount, which is at the bottom. The annual box office of less than $1 billion accounts for about 11% of the market.

Stills of Spider-Man: The Vertical and Horizontal Universe

During the three years of the epidemic, Sony released about 16 or 17 works every year, and in 2023, it rose to 27, far more than any other Hollywood factory, and basically recovered to the level before the epidemic.

The animated film Spider-Man: The Vertical and Horizontal Universe, which was released in June, is a rare Marvel Comics movie that sold well at the box office in 2023. The global box office of "Grievance 3" also reached $190 million, almost the same as the first two films, showing the high popularity of Denzel Hayes Washington Jr.. As for "Napoleon" released at the end of the year, it is not a box office success in itself. After all, the production cost of the film is as high as 200 million US dollars. However, this huge sum of money basically comes from Apple with deep pockets, and Sony is only responsible for issuing, and the package will not be compensated.

In 2024, as usual, Sony will have a wave of new films such as Ghostbusters: The Frozen City, Garfield, Mrs. Spider: Super Awakening, Kraven the Hunter, Venom 3, etc., and the box office should make a breakthrough.

Paramount

Wins: Scream 6 ($108 million), Wang Wang Team 2 ($65 million), Teenage Ninja Turtles: Mutant Fight ($118 million).

Negative: Mission Impossible 7 ($172 million) and Dungeons and Dragons: The Glory of Grand Theft Auto ($93 million).

2023 is really a year to break the Hollywood convention. Not only has the invincible superhero movies been beaten, but even Tom Cruise, which has always been a box office guarantee, has experienced the existential crisis of Lian Po’s old age.

Before the release of "Mission Impossible 7", almost everyone expected that it would be Tom Cruise’s second successful summer file after "Top Gun 2". As a result, "Mission Impossible 7" failed to ignite the enthusiasm of North American people for watching movies on the first weekend, and was quickly defeated by Barbie and Oppenheimer. The most deadly thing is that the epidemic pushed the production cost of the film up to an astonishing $291 million, which caused it to bear an excessive burden before it was released.

Dungeons and Dragons: Glory of Grand Theft Auto poster

The box office failure of Dungeons and Dragons was also somewhat unexpected. After all, the film was adapted from a powerful game IP, and the audience’s reputation after the screening was very good, but perhaps because of the schedule, there was still a lack of enough audience to join in, which made this $150 million film unable to break even.

In the whole year, Paramount released a total of 10 films, with a box office of just over $800 million, accounting for about 9.6% of the total box office in North America, ranking fifth, far below the market share of 17.6% in 2022 with the blessing of Top Gun 2.

In 2024, Paramount will release some blockbuster new films, such as Gladiator 2, Transformers: The First Generation and Sonik the Hedgehog 3, which is expected to turn the tide.

Taylor Swift: Time Tour Concert Poster

In addition to the above-mentioned five Hollywood giants, Lionsgate Pictures, which took 6.55% of the market share, ranked sixth in the annual box office in North America. They released 12 films in the whole year, and "Fast Chasing 4" ranked ninth in the annual single box office in North America with $187 million. Further back, the independent film "Voice of Freedom", which is not unusual in shooting, distribution and publicity, won $184 million at the box office, which just squeezed into the tenth place in the annual single-chip box office list in North America.

Taylor Swift: Time Tour Concert, with the same maverick distribution model, earned $179 million at the box office, ranking 11th in the annual single-chip box office list in North America. Independent films like this broke into the top of the annual box office list for more than ten years, which seems to reflect the coming of the unprecedented changes in Hollywood in N years.

1905 movie network news The Spring Festival animated film will be officially released on the first day of the Year of the Tiger. On January 4th, the film released a special video of "Tiger Tiger Born Wind" to reveal the film creation process.

　

"The Great Hero of Xiaohudun" tells the story of Xiaohudun’s adventurous growth in pursuit of the dream of an escort in his heart. The newly released special video "Tiger" is full of flavor, and Xiao Hudun, wearing a tiger’s head hat, expounds the creative process. Although the main creative team of the film is not necessarily the best in the industry in terms of number of people and equipment, its attitude of cultivating animation talents in China and creating fine animation in China is firm.

In addition, exaggerated brainwashing explanations such as "A masterpiece was produced only in one hundred million years" are full of joy and magic, and Xiaohudun also made a fuss at the end of the video, saying "I don’t want to bite you", which makes people smile, and it is more like making a promise of "watching the Tiger Pier in the Year of the Tiger".

　

The creative team behind "Little Tiger Pier Hero" is determined to create an original national IP and make China’s animated image famous in the world. Little Tiger Pier, which is popular in short videos, comics, theme parks, derivatives and movies, is one of the representatives.

It is reported that when the main creator created the image of the Tiger Pier, he closely followed the words "Meng, Meng, Meng and Meng". "Meng" refers to Xiao Hudun’s personality is a bit stupid, and occasionally he will do ridiculous stupid things. "Meng" means cute and super cute. "Fierce" means that Xiaohudun is brave and courageous, with a fearless momentum. "Dream" is his dream of becoming an escort and returning his parents as soon as possible. Nowadays, Xiaohudun, which has tens of millions of fans on the whole network, is about to make its debut on the big screen. I believe that the cute image of Xiaohudun will be more and more deeply rooted in people’s hearts when the Year of the Tiger comes, adding a little joy and celebration to the Spring Festival.

　　Our reporter Gu Mengxuan Xia Xin reports from Guangzhou and Beijing.　

　　Recently, the international gold price hit a record high and was quickly sold off, causing a sharp drop. The price of gold denominated in RMB has also fluctuated greatly, which has aroused widespread concern in the market.　

　　On December 4th, the price of gold futures in new york market once rushed to the $2,150 mark per ounce, with an intraday increase of over 3%, setting a record high. Subsequently, the price of gold quickly fell back, and as of the 7 th, the cumulative correction per ounce exceeded $100.　

　　Affected by this, the gold Au99.99 listed on the Shanghai Gold Exchange fell back after it surged to 487 yuan per gram on the 4th, and the retail price of some domestic brands of gold jewelry stood at the high level of 630 yuan per gram and then fell back to about 615 yuan per gram on the 7th.　

　　According to Wind data, on December 15th, the New York Mercantile Exchange gold futures price was reported at 2018.3 USD/oz; As of press time, the gold Au99.99 listed on the Shanghai Gold Exchange is 472.99 yuan per gram.　

　　Welcome to a loose inflection point　

　　Regarding the correction of gold price, Wang Xiang, fund manager of Bosera Fund Index and Quantitative Investment Department, pointed out that the Fed’s interest rate hike cycle tends to end, which will usher in a loose turning point. Gold benefits from the downward logic of liquidity easing and real interest rate. Historically, similar policy nodes have strong price support power. However, there is a profit-taking impulse near the historical high point, and the net long position of short-term COMEX futures fund is too fast, so there is a need for adjustment.　

　　At 3: 00 am on December 14th, Beijing time, the Federal Reserve issued the statement of the FOMC meeting in December 2023 (the Federal Reserve’s meeting on interest rates), and once again announced the suspension of interest rate hikes.　

　　According to the data provided by Bosera Fund, inflation expectations in the United States have dropped significantly. In December, the consumer confidence index of the University of Michigan rose to 69.4, with an expectation of 62. The inflation expectation dropped significantly, with the one-year inflation expectation dropping from 4.5% to 3.1% and the five-to ten-year inflation expectation dropping from 3.2% to 2.8%. "This combination is not good for precious metals." Wang Xiang said.　

　　As for the rise in the price of gold in the early stage, Bi Mengyu, an investment researcher at Geshang Caifu Jinyu, pointed out that gold, as a non-interest-bearing physical asset, often ushered in rising opportunities when other assets had poor returns.　

　　First of all, from an economic point of view, the global economy is currently in recession. In view of the worries about the economic downturn and the stock market decline, driven by risk aversion, investors are more willing to buy gold to avoid risks, leading to the rise of gold prices. In November, the global manufacturing PMI (Purchasing Managers Index) was 49.3, the US manufacturing PMI was 46.7, and the Eurozone manufacturing PMI was 44.3, all of which were below threshold, reflecting the overall global economic downturn.　

　　Secondly, last week, the ADP data in the United States (an economic indicator commonly used to measure the job market) failed to meet expectations. The market speculated that the Federal Reserve would not raise interest rates in December, that is, the nominal interest rate showed a downward trend with a high probability, which made the price of gold rise again.　

　　Finally, global central banks continue to purchase gold, and the demand for gold purchase by global central banks will remain strong in 2023, which supports the upward trend of the overall price of gold.　

　　"The adjustment of gold this week was mainly due to the rising interest rate of the US dollar index and US debt after the US non-farm payrolls data exceeded expectations, and coupled with the’ hawkish’ signal released by the Federal Reserve Chairman, the price of gold fluctuated downward." Bi Mengyu said.　

　　The annualized compound yield of gold is 7%　

　　The reporter noted that in August this year, the trend of domestic and international gold prices deviated greatly. In recent months, has the excessive price difference between the internal and external markets of gold prices been corrected?　

　　Wang Xiang pointed out that in September this year, the price difference between domestic and foreign countries was the highest, 30 yuan+/gram, and at present, the price difference has largely converged to 7 yuan/gram, but it is still far from the historical 95% confidence fluctuation range of 1.2~1.8 yuan/gram. In the process of convergence, the performance of domestic gold price will be worse than that of dollar gold.　

　　Bi Mengxuan pointed out that the international gold price and the domestic gold price are basically in a positive correlation, but due to the influence of pricing system, rate and time lag, they may deviate in the short term, and the domestic gold price fluctuation is often lagging behind. After several months of adjustment, the international and domestic gold prices have basically converged.　

　　Central banks around the world have also shown sustained enthusiasm for buying gold. According to the data of the World Gold Council, in 2023, the global central bank’s demand for gold purchases remained strong, reaching 387 tons in the first half of the year, a record high in the same period; In the first three quarters, the amount of gold purchased reached a record 800 tons, a year-on-year increase of 14%. At the same time, the data released by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange showed that at the end of November, the gold of the Bank of China had increased for the 13th consecutive month.　

　　In this regard, Bi Mengyu pointed out that the central bank’s allocation of gold mainly considers security, liquidity and return. First of all, gold is regarded as a safe asset and a value-preserving asset by the central bank, because it is more stable in the face of credit risks than other assets such as national debt; Secondly, gold has strong liquidity, and the central bank can quickly enter the market without distorting the price; Finally, although the return is not the main motivation for the central bank to buy gold, the annualized compound rate of return of gold has been around 7% in the past few decades, providing investors with relatively considerable returns.　

　　"The proportion of gold in China’s foreign exchange reserves is still low. Although it has been continuously increased, the current proportion is still less than 6%, which is still far from the proportion of more than 40% in European and American countries." Wang Xiang said that increasing the proportion of gold in foreign exchange reserves will help to diversify the reserve structure and maintain the stability of local currency and asset prices during the contraction cycle of the US dollar.　

　　Rational investment by investors　

　　Regarding the future market of gold assets, Nuoan Fund pointed out that due to the issuance of bonds by the US Treasury, the reduction of US debt holdings by the Federal Reserve and the current strong economic expectations, it is expected that the long-term yield of US debt will remain high, and short-term gold will still be suppressed by interest rates and the US dollar index. However, we expect that the signs of economic slowdown in the United States may be more obvious in the first half of 2024, and high interest rates and recent geopolitical risks may increase the volatility of financial markets compared with the previous period. The logic of gold investment gradually shifts from short-term safe-haven demand to medium-and long-term Fed interest rate cuts. Recently, the market expects the Fed to cut interest rates, which has significantly boosted the price of gold, or it is expected to change more by pricing. It is suggested that investors should actively pay attention to the trend of gold price and consider the proportion of gold allocation to grasp the investment opportunity of gold.　

　　Wang Xiang said that whether inflation converges smoothly, leading European and American monetary policies to shift to liquidity logic, or inflation rises again due to unexpected events, taking stagflation logic, different macro paths are beneficial to the gold margin, making it still one of the assets with high certainty, and the only difference is the difference in odds. Next year is an election year for many economies, and the intensity of geo-game may remain at a high level, which is also conducive to the rise of the price center. The upward target of USD gold is USD 2,200 ~ 2,400, which is about 515~550 yuan/g in China.　

　　"It is normal for the regional fluctuation of gold prices to increase near historical highs. Investors should neither be overly enthusiastic in the overbought state of the market, nor completely lose confidence after their breakthrough failure." Wang Xiang pointed out that in the medium and long term, the easing of the Federal Reserve and the weakening of the US dollar will remain a high probability path next year. With many economies entering the election year, the intensity of geo-game will remain at a high level. After the short-term selling sentiment is released, gold will return to its long-term upward path again.

The Paper Liu Zhengtu

Today, I want to share with you some reform stories that happened from the late 1970s to the mid-1990s. I called it the age of passion and romance. Many important reforms took place in that era. Although I personally experienced that era, I didn’t participate in much discussion about reform, especially in the 1980s. But ten years ago, in order to commemorate the 30th anniversary of reform and opening-up, I spent my summer vacation in Canada and wrote a book, from which I sorted out a lot of materials of that era and found it really wonderful. Today, with memories and some precious pictures, let’s walk into that passionate time and see how many important reforms started and how they were promoted.

I have always said that in the past 40 years, the most romantic and wonderful chapter of reform took place in the 1980s. Many economists tend to regard 1993 as a watershed in China’s reform and opening up. In November 1993, we convened the Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee, and adopted a decision on establishing a socialist market economic system. Because of this decision, the reform before and after 1993 was very different in style, and the reform after that was accelerated. In a few short years from 1994 to the end of 1990s, the major reforms needed to build a socialist market economic system have been basically completed. Most of the subsequent reforms are secondary or technical. It can probably be said that the decisive reform was completed when the old man Deng Xiaoping was alive.

Then, I’ll start from 1994.

1994 Jinglun Conference: Establishing Modern Company System

Professor Oliver hart, a famous American economist.

First, let me show you a photo, Professor Oliver hart. He is the winner of the 2016 Nobel Prize in Economics, a professor of economics at Harvard University in the United States, and once served as the head of the Department of Economics at Harvard University. He came to China in 1994 and attended an important meeting-Jinglun Meeting.

Jinglun Hotel, a famous Japanese hotel next to Beijing International Trade Center.

At that time, many famous economists attended the 1994 Beijing-Lund Conference. Oliver hart was one of them, including two other Nobel Prize winners in economics at the University of Chicago.

In 1994, the Jinglun Conference was held.

On August 23-26, 1994, the State Economic and Trade Commission and the research group of "Overall Design of China’s Economic System Reform" and "Comprehensive Analysis and Reform Design of China’s Tax System and Public Finance" jointly held an international seminar on "The Next Reform of China’s Economic System" in Beijing Jinglun Hotel. Some people think that it initiated the spread of the latest development of microeconomics in China, and introduced the reform into the deep research of microeconomic foundation, which is called "Jinglun Conference".

Along with Oliver hart, he came to China to attend the Jinglun Conference, and a very famous professor was Professor Aoki Masahiko.

Professor Aoki Masahiko, a famous Japanese economist, passed away in 2015 and was a professor of economics at Stanford University.

The "Jinglun Meeting" was actually discussing how to reform the state-owned enterprises in China, and when the meeting was held, the state-owned enterprises were facing a huge challenge-the debt problem. At that time, the debt problem of state-owned enterprises was the most puzzling problem for their development.

The topics of the meeting mainly include, how to reorganize state-owned enterprises? How to restructure the debts of state-owned enterprises? How to reorganize state-owned enterprises? At the "Jinglun Conference", Professor Oliver hart and Professor Aoki Masahiko made many valuable analyses and suggestions in these aspects.

Professor Oliver hart is a scholar who studies enterprise contracts, so he has a lot of ideas about it, and these ideas have actually influenced the reform of state-owned enterprises in China. In the later period, our methods of restructuring state-owned enterprises and restructuring the debts of state-owned enterprises, including the establishment of four state-owned asset management companies to solve the debt problems of state-owned enterprises, were all influenced by the topics discussed at the "Beijing-Lun Meeting".

Professor Aoki Masahiko put forward a very important concept at the Jinglun Conference: Insider Control)[ Editor’s Note: Insider control refers to the phenomenon that the operator controls the company under the premise of the separation of ownership and management right (control right) in modern enterprises, which is caused by the inconsistency of interests between the owner and the operator]. This concept has a great influence on our domestic economists. State-owned enterprises are prone to the phenomenon of "insider control". In other words, outsiders can’t help them solve the problem of "insider control", so state-owned enterprises must be reorganized. Including many of our current concepts on the reform of state-owned enterprises, such as "establishing a modern enterprise system" and "establishing current corporate governance", did not exist before 1994. It was not until the "Beijing-Lund Conference" that the decision on the reform and reorganization of state-owned enterprises became a consensus idea of change, and it was written into the relevant important documents of the central government many times.

The "Jinglun Meeting" was held to implement the spirit of the decision of the Third Plenary Session of the 14th Central Committee on establishing a socialist market economic system, because in this decision, changing the operating mechanism of state-owned enterprises and establishing a governance mode that is compatible with the market economy became the core issue.

The Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee was held in November 1993, which was the first time that the concept of "market economy" was clearly put forward after the reform in 1978. It has been 15 years since the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978. The decision of the Third Plenary Session of the Twelfth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in 1984 only mentioned "commodity economy" and failed to put forward "market economy". Although we say that the reform and opening up began in 1978, in fact, the Third Plenary Session of the 14th Central Committee in 1993 first proposed to establish a socialist market economy.

For our reform in the past 40 years, the Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee was a watershed. Because we admit that the purpose of our reform is to establish a socialist market economy, the reform has been accelerated after that. I have generally reviewed that in the four to five years after 1994, we have basically finalized the important reforms needed to establish a market economy system, such as fiscal tax-sharing reform, price liberalization, urban housing system reform, the introduction of commercial banking law, the merger reform of foreign exchange system and exchange rate, the strategic restructuring of state-owned economy and corporate governance reform in 1995, and the "grasping the big and letting the small" of state-owned enterprises in 1997.

In the past, we always said that China’s economic reform was gradual, crossing the river by feeling the stones and taking two steps back, but after the Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee in 1993, China’s economic reform became quite radical.

Deng Xiaoping’s speech in South China in 1992: China’s reform suddenly accelerated.

Before the Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee in 1993, there were controversies and differences on the ideological and theoretical levels in all aspects of reform. There are not only arguments between ideological circles and intellectuals and economists, but also arguments and differences of opinion within the party. It is the checks and balances produced by these open and closed debates that make the reform in the 1980s relatively cautious and slow.

However, in the 1990s, especially after Deng Xiaoping delivered a speech on the South in 1992, the ideological and political environment within the Party changed, and these arguments and differences still exist, but the reform has been ahead of the arguments. This is attributed to Mr. Deng Xiaoping’s "Southern Speech" in 1992, which promoted the market-oriented reform, and he did not advocate endless arguments, because that would delay the timing of reform. Deng Xiaoping once said during his southern tour in 1992 that "it is my invention not to argue".

The textbook The Chinese Economy, published by Professor Barry Norton of the University of California, San Diego, also tells the process and stages of China’s economic system reform. There is a similar statement in his book. He thinks that after 1993 and 1994, the process of reform in China suddenly accelerated.

This is obviously that the word "market economy" has opened the door for reform. At the Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee, the words "building a socialist market economy" were written into the decision, and Deng Xiaoping’s talk in the south played a very important role in promoting it.

Deng Xiaoping was in Wuchang, Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Shanghai from January 18 to 21, 1992.

Deng Xiaoping felt that his thoughts should be more emancipated and the pace of reform should be greater. Deng Xiaoping’s southern speech declared to the world: We should be more open, our reform will not go backwards, and our reform pace will only be faster. "

1990 Chinese New Year in Deng Xiaoping and Shanghai: Pudong will catch up later.

Deng Xiaoping came to Shanghai for the Spring Festival for five consecutive years from 1988 to 1992. I didn’t come in 1993, but I came to Shanghai for the Spring Festival in 1994. After 1994, he did not appear in public until his death in 1997.

During the Spring Festival in 1990, Deng Xiaoping told the leaders of Zhu Rongji and other cities that I made a mistake. At that time, Shanghai was not added to the four special zones. Shanghai is our trump card. It can be seen that Deng Xiaoping speaks highly of Shanghai and Shanghainese. He thinks that the development of Pudong in Shanghai is a bit late, but he also says that Shanghainese are smart and can certainly catch up. This was a conversation with Zhu Rongji at the end of January, 1990. After the Spring Festival, he returned to Beijing and told the central leaders that although I am retired now, I have one thing to ask you, that is, the development of Shanghai Pudong.

Under the impetus of Deng Xiaoping, the Central Committee immediately held a meeting on April 10th, 1990, and adopted a decision on the development of Pudong. On April 18th, 1990, then Premier Li Peng came to Shanghai to announce the development of Pudong.

Facts have proved that although the development of Pudong is later than that of the four special zones, after 28 years of development, Pudong has achieved great development achievements and achieved great success. The GDP of Pudong was 6 billion 28 years ago, and now it is 1 trillion. Shanghai’s GDP3 is 3 trillion, and Pudong accounts for 1/3.

In 1991, Deng Xiaoping came to Shanghai for the New Year. He said to the leaders at that time: "It is both a bad thing and a good thing to develop late. You can learn from the experience of Guangdong. " It can be seen that he has always been very concerned about Pudong.

The conception of special economic zones in 1979: a chain reaction triggered by an investigation report

Four special zones in Guangdong and Fujian were developed earlier than Pudong. However, Shekou in Shenzhen was developed earlier than Shenzhen Special Economic Zone.

In April, 1978, the Ministry of Foreign Trade and the State Planning Commission sent a delegation to Hong Kong and Macao. After returning, the delegation wrote a report, which suggested that we should dock with Hong Kong and Macao in two places near Hong Kong and Macao and try to do some export processing business. At that time, I chose two places: Zhuhai near Macau and Baoan County near Hong Kong, which is now Shenzhen. Later, this report was distributed to all the participants at the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee as a meeting material. This report is very important, and it is this report that triggered the idea of Shekou Industrial Zone and later Special Economic Zone.

Comments on Li Xiannian’s Investigation Report to Hong Kong and Macao.

Reading the biography of Yuan Geng (editor’s note: former Party Secretary of Shekou Industrial Zone), we can see his ups and downs life. Kang Sheng persecuted him and went to prison, but after he came out, he arranged a job in Hongkong’s China Merchants Bureau through Ye Fei’s relationship. When Yuan Geng died a few years ago, someone commented on him: "Without Yuan Geng, there would be no Shenzhen now." In fact, Yuan Geng is an advocate of Shekou Industrial Development Zone. At that time, he advocated the establishment of Shekou Industrial Development Zone, which was stimulated by the investigation report of Hong Kong and Macao. At that time, he said, "Why can’t we build a freight terminal in Shekou? He calculated the cost of the industrial zone. He said that the cost of Shekou is very different from that of Hong Kong. If there is a Shekou industrial zone, goods from Hong Kong can be placed at the dock in Shekou, because the rent in Shekou is relatively low.

Cover of Yuan Geng’s memoirs

Under his active promotion, Guangdong established Shekou Industrial Zone near Hong Kong. Shekou Industrial Zone is earlier than Shenzhen, Shenzhen Special Zone was formally established in 1980, and Shekou Industrial Zone was established in 1979.

The economic investigation report of Hong Kong and Macao actually triggered a series of events: Yuan Geng proposed the establishment of Shekou Industrial Zone, and Guangdong Provincial Party Committee Secretaries Xi Zhongxun and Wu Nansheng (Editor’s Note: Wu Nansheng, the first Party Secretary of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone) proposed to the central authorities to establish an export processing zone in Shantou (at first, their idea was to establish an export processing zone in Shantou. Why are you in Shantou? They quoted the classics as saying that Engels mentioned Shantou in his book. At the same time, Fujian also proposed to establish a special economic zone.

As a result of discussion in the Central Committee, everyone agreed in principle to establish a special zone. The key issues are the size of the special zone and the name of the area.

What’s the name of the special zone? At first, it was called export processing zone. Some people objected that "Taiwan Province has export processing zones, but we can’t have them." Finally, let Deng Xiaoping decide. Deng Xiaoping said: It can be called a special zone, and Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia is a special zone.

What is the area of the special zone? More than 300 square kilometers? The SAR Office of Guangdong Province thinks that this area is too large, and metaphorically says that "the special zones in the world are not as big as more than 300 square kilometers". Some people object: "This special zone is too big. Do you want a bigger special zone than the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Special Zone?" Some people even said, "It’s boundless." The sentence "infinitely big" was very serious at that time. It can be seen that many people are opposed to the establishment of a special zone with such a large area. In the end, the Central Committee decided to build a special zone, which is called a special economic zone, on the advice of Deng Xiaoping, and the Shenzhen Special Zone covers an area of 327 square kilometers.

In 1979, the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone was not established, but there was a local special economic zone regulation in Guangdong Province-Guangdong Special Economic Zone Regulation. After Guangdong reported to the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress passed this regulation on August 26th, 1980, which was the first local regulation in China history to be discussed and passed in the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC). This historic regulation was aimed at the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone. So August 26th is the day when Shenzhen was founded, and it is also the day when Shenzhen Special Economic Zone was founded.

However, since its inception, Shenzhen has been facing the debate of "whether it is surnamed Zi or surnamed She".

The establishment of the special zone in 1980 was aimed at introducing foreign capital, so it would certainly lead to an ideological debate at that time. The practice of establishing the special zone would definitely conflict with the Marxist classical writers and the ideology of our ancestors, so we kept arguing.

In the situation that Shenzhen has just been established for one year, the central government has been somewhat shaken, including the top management, and proposed to make some adjustments in policies. At that time, Wu Nansheng, as the party secretary of Shenzhen, was under great pressure. In 1982 and 1983, there was a big discussion about Shenzhen in China. This discussion is very intense in the ideological circle and within the party. At that time, many people said, "Can you still see the shadow of socialism when you go to Shenzhen?" So at this time, it is even more necessary for Deng Xiaoping to really stand up and endorse Shenzhen, otherwise Shenzhen will face the risk of being shut down.

In January 1984, Deng Xiaoping visited Shenzhen and wrote the famous sentence: The development and experience of Shenzhen proved that our policy of establishing special economic zones was correct.

On January 26, 1984, Deng Xiaoping wrote an inscription for Shenzhen Special Economic Zone: "The development and experience of Shenzhen prove that our policy of establishing special economic zones is correct."

But in February 1985, Hong Kong’s Wide Angle Mirror magazine published an article by a young scholar, Chen Wenhong, "What’s the problem in Shenzhen? 》。 Chen Wenhong visited Shenzhen in 1985, that is, five years after the establishment of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone. He found that in fact, Shenzhen attracted not much foreign investment, but all the mainland capital, and all the mainland provinces had a lot of hot money in Shenzhen. He also calculated that the per capita purchasing power of Shenzhen was several times higher than that of Shanghai and Beijing to prove it.

Because everyone thinks that Shenzhen represents business opportunities and opportunities, you can make a lot of money by investing in Shenzhen. And mainland tourists also go to Shenzhen to buy things, because Shenzhen can buy things from Hong Kong.

Chen Wenhong wrote in the article: Shenzhen Special Economic Zone has not achieved the widely publicized development model of "focusing on industry, focusing on foreign investment and focusing on export". He accused Shenzhen’s prosperity of relying on "importing goods and materials to earn money in the domestic market". Although Chen Wenhong’s argument method has been questioned a lot, there are not a few people who hold similar views with him.

He calculated a simple account. In 1985, the total retail sales in Shenzhen divided by the population in Shenzhen was equal to the purchasing power of Shenzhen per capita. He calculated at that time that the purchasing power of Shenzhen per capita in 1984 was more than 4,000 yuan. At the same time, he calculated the per capita purchasing power of Beijing and Shanghai, which was only over 700 RMB, from which he concluded that the prosperity of Shenzhen depended on the purchasing power of the mainland. Therefore, he concluded that Shenzhen did not achieve the goal set when the SAR was established: it wanted to introduce foreign capital.

So his article once again caused a lot of controversy. Originally, Deng Xiaoping wrote this passage in 1984, so don’t argue any more. However, the article "What’s the Problem in Shenzhen" published by Chen Wenhong in 1985 once again pushed Shenzhen to the forefront and questioned the legitimacy and necessity of the establishment of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone again.

Until 1992, Deng Xiaoping went to Shenzhen to speak in the south. Only then did we see that Shenzhen was indeed developing along the direction envisaged in those years (export processing zone to attract foreign investment). What I saw in the early mid-1980s was that the mainland’s hot money wandered around there. By 1992, this phenomenon had been very rare. Shenzhen has truly become an export-oriented export processing zone.

In any case, Shenzhen is very successful among the four special economic zones. Today’s Shenzhen has become one of the four first-tier cities called "North to Guangzhou and Shenzhen". Now, Shenzhen’s GDP has surpassed that of Guangzhou, and its total GDP has exceeded 2.2 trillion. Now, Shenzhen has become the cradle of hard technology. A large number of entrepreneurs are willing to start a business in Shenzhen.

Now the Luohu port in Shenzhen.

When the escape from Hong Kong was the most serious, Vice Premier Gu Mu stood on the bank of Luohukou, Baoan County, and stood on the port bridge from Luohu to Hong Kong, saying, "I hope that one day, more people from there will come here." Today, the railway bridge at Luohu Port means that more Hong Kong people are going from Hong Kong to Shenzhen. At that time, the goal expected by Vice Premier Gu Mu has been achieved.

In 30 years, since 1980, great changes have really taken place in Shenzhen. I believe that in the late 1990s, the development model of Shenzhen has basically taken shape. Shenzhen has become an open and more market-oriented special economic zone. I believe that Shenzhen is more developed than many cities in the mainland, and Shenzhen’s economic development model is also a very important reason why it can dominate the high-tech industry now.

The Third Plenary Session of the Twelfth Central Committee in 1984: The focus of reform shifted from rural areas to cities.

When people were debating whether Shenzhen was a surname of capital or a surname of society, the Third Plenary Session of the 12th Central Committee was held in 1984, and the Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Economic System Reform was issued. In other words, when Shenzhen is engaged in construction in full swing, the economic system in most parts of our country is still in the era of planned economy.

In October 1984, the Third Plenary Session of the Twelfth Central Committee adopted the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China’s decision on economic system reform. Everyone is very surprised. Didn’t we start reform and opening up in 1978? But in fact, before 1984, our overall reform was in rural areas and agriculture. Only after the promulgation of the Decision on the Reform of the Socialist Economic System in 1984 (hereinafter referred to as the Decision) did the focus of economic reform shift to cities.

Deng Xiaoping spoke highly of this decision, saying that it was innovative to have something that our ancestors had never said. So what did the "Decision" in 1984 say that our ancestors didn’t say? The "commodity economy" was mentioned for the first time. At that time, we dared not mention the socialist market economy at all. In the Decision, we established that the goal of reform is to establish a socialist commodity economy, not a socialist market economy.

People who study Marxist political economy argue about "what is a commodity" all day. The corresponding product of the commodity. Market economy corresponds to commodity economy at that time, while planned economy corresponds to product economy at that time. Commodity economy is one step closer than product economy. So what is a commodity? It can be used as an exchange. Products cannot be exchanged, and only when they can be used for exchange can they become commodities. So at that time, the socialist commodity economy was written in the "Decision" of the Third Plenary Session of the Twelfth Central Committee. In Deng Xiaoping’s view, it was already something that the ancestors had not said. Perhaps Deng Xiaoping saw that it was not too far away from the market economy.

Therefore, since 1984, the reform in China has really started. Before 1984, the reform was spontaneous. After the "Decision" in 1984, we began to consciously and systematically promote the reform in the city.

However, when the "Decision" was issued, China’s economy experienced serious and growing inflation.

In the era of planned economy, there was no inflation. Because the price is set by the government. But in the era of planned economy, what will happen if demand exceeds supply? There will be people in need who have to wait in line. However, when the "Decision" was promulgated in 1984, in fact, the price was already somewhat loose. The government’s pricing on various items, including means of production and consumer goods, has begun to loosen. In other words, some phenomena that partially reflect the relationship between supply and demand have begun to appear in the market. As a result, inflation was out of control, and this phenomenon continued intermittently until 1987, which was slightly controlled in 1987 and rebounded in 1988. Therefore, when we issued the Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Economic System Reform, China’s economy has undergone a very interesting change. It is no longer a completely classic planned economy, and many factors of market exchange have begun to appear, which has pushed up the price.

In the mid-1980s, an East German economist visited Beijing. After listening to many introductions about China’s economic system reform, he said: "I think China’s reforms are all micro-reforms, and there is no macro-reform." He hinted that China did not pay attention to macro-stability in micro-reform.

As you can imagine, in the era of planned economy, demand is a serious shortage, demand is suppressed, and demand is a huge energy. Once it is left unchecked, prices will soar in the case of a serious shortage of supply. This explains why the government found that there was no way to control inflation at that time, because the economic policy at that time had no concept of macro-control.

When the Third Plenary Session of the Twelfth Central Committee proposed to promote the reform of urban economic system, we were already faced with the problem of macroeconomic instability. However, at that time, the decision on reform was still only microeconomic reform.

Throughout the 1980s, especially from 1984 to 1988, the most perplexing problem faced by the State Council was how to continue the reform of planned economy in cities when the macro economy was out of control and inflation pressure remained high.

Bashan Wheel Conference in 1985: the Starting Point of Macro-management

From September 2 to 8, 1985, more than 30 Chinese and foreign economists took a cruise ship "Bashan" from Wuhan to Chongqing, and held an "International Symposium on Macroeconomic Management" on the ship, which was later called "Bashan Wheel Conference". The oldest economist in China is Mr. Xue Muqiao, who was 81 years old. The youngest participant was Guo Shuqing, 29, who was still studying in China Academy of Social Sciences.

Group photo of all participants in Bashan Wheel Conference.

The importance of Bashan Round Meeting lies in that it made our reformers and economists understand the importance of macro-stability and macro-demand management for the first time, and also helped us better understand the importance of supporting reforms.

The Bashan Round Meeting was jointly organized by china society of economic reform, China Academy of Social Sciences and the World Bank. A total of seven or eight topics were discussed. The most important topic was: Why did inflation occur during the economic system reform? How to control inflation? What conditions does the reform need? How will macroeconomic imbalance affect reform? In what way should the reform be promoted?

James Tobin, the winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1981, and Janos Kornai, a Hungarian economist, were invited to this meeting. There are also economists from Britain and Japan.

The picture on the left shows James Tobin, winner of the 1981 Nobel Prize in Economics, and the picture on the right shows Janos Kornai, a Hungarian economist.

At the meeting, james tobin explained why inflation appeared in the process of reform, because wages in China rose too fast. He pointed out that since the rate of price increase is equal to the nominal wage rate minus the labor productivity, if the labor productivity increases, the wages will rise with it, which will not lead to price increase. However, if the rising rate of labor productivity is lower than that of nominal wages, and wages are artificially high, then prices will definitely rise.

In view of the pressure of the expansion of consumer funds and rising wages faced by China at that time, he even suggested that this formula (price increase rate = nominal wage rate-labor productivity) should be written down and put in the office of every state-owned enterprise manager and president of state-owned bank, so that they can always bear in mind that nominal wages should follow labor productivity.

Colne had experienced partial economic reforms in Hungary, which made his speech focus on the more basic reform mode. That is to say, there will be several ways to transition from planned economy to market economy, which is more feasible. His analysis has a great influence on China economists. His book "Shortage Economics" made him famous in China.

The picture shows a group photo of four economists attending the Bashan Wheel Conference.Among them are famous economists Xue Muqiao (first from left, former Secretary-General of the Finance and Economics Committee of the State Council and Director of the Bureau of Private Enterprises, Director of the National Bureau of Statistics, Director of the National Price Committee, and Director-General of the the State Council Economic Research Center), Ma Hong (second from left, former President of the China Policy Science Research Association) and Wu Jinglian (first from right, famous economist, researcher of the the State Council Development Research Center, and a leading economist in China).

"Moganshan Conference" in 1984: Price Double Track Transition?

The emergence of inflation led to the Bashan Wheel Conference in 1985. However, the price increase is not only the product of price reform, but also affects the process of price reform in turn. In the early stage of reform, how should the price reform be promoted? How can we minimize the impact of price reform on the interests of all aspects of society? This is the most basic reform problem after the central government decided to shift the focus of reform from rural areas to cities in 1984.

But in fact, just two months before the Third Plenary Session of the Twelfth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China made a decision on economic system reform, that is, in September 1984, a meeting of young economists was held in Moganshan, Zhejiang Province, which was called "Moganshan Meeting" in history, and its full name was "Academic Seminar for Young and Middle-aged Economic Scientists". The conference was aimed at national essay writing, and received 1,300 contributions. Among them, 120 were selected and divided into seven groups. They stayed up all night to discuss the reform plan of how to transition from planned economy to market economy. It is said that the most heated discussion and debate is the price group. As time goes by, the Moganshan Conference is also famous all over the world because of the debate on price reform.

The meeting not only attracted young economists from all over the country to participate enthusiastically, but also the leaders of Zhejiang Province at that time gave speeches. Zhang Jinfu, the central leader from Beijing, went to Hangzhou specially to listen to the summary report of the Moganshan meeting, and the person who reported to Zhang Jinfu was Watson.

Zhang Jinfu, former member of the Standing Committee of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Advisory Committee and former State Councilor.

As a result, more than 20 years later, there was a famous debate between Watson and Zhang Weiying who also attended the Moganshan Conference, a debate about the right of invention, that is, who put forward the reform plan of the dual-track system price at the Moganshan Conference.

Zhang Weiying was a graduate student at Northwest University. Zhang Weiying said that this was his first time to fly from Xi ‘an to Hangzhou. This meeting is really the first time for many people.

This is a heated debate. Because I was writing that book about reform and opening up at that time, which was going to write "the reform of the two-track price system", both sides came to me to provide me with information. I remember one night when I was asleep, Zhang Weiying called me from Hong Kong. He seemed to be visiting the Chinese University of Hong Kong. He said, "Because you wrote this book, I’m going to copy a lot of original materials and send them." It’s very difficult for me to write this history, because I didn’t attend this meeting. I can only look at the memories of many people. At that time, there were many people involved in the discussion in the price group, some of whom later wrote reminiscence articles, and some participated in the debate between Watson and Zhang Weiying.

Zhang Weiying, co-founder of National Development Research Institute of Peking University (formerly China Economic Research Center of Peking University).

According to the information I have, the idea of price dual-track reform once appeared in Zhang Weiying’s article when he was studying at Northwest University, but it was not put forward at Moganshan Conference. According to the information provided by many people, at the Moganshan meeting, Zhang Weiying advocated "liberalizing the price", that is, "releasing the faction", while another faction, called "dispatching", advocated "adjusting the price and gradually reaching the designated position" instead of "liberalizing the price and reaching the designated position at one time". Watson seems to be a comprehensive school, that is, "the combination of adjustment and release", which is also a plan clearly suggested in the price report based on discussion. I guess that when Watson reports to Zhang Jinfu, he may report according to the idea of dual-track system.

Although the word "dual-track system" became the idea of price reform at the Moganshan meeting later, the word "dual-track system" was not invented by someone. Earlier, in 1982 and 1983, some important means of production, such as coal, had a double-track price phenomenon, otherwise there would be no inflation in China’s economy at that time. In other words, before the Moganshan Conference, the phenomenon of "price dual-track system" already existed.

However, the phenomenon of double-track price has really attracted the attention of economists, and many economists think that the double-track price system may be a feasible reform idea. After all, the risk of price liberalization at one time is too great, so it sounds reasonable to slowly adjust the planned price, and at the same time allow more excess output to be priced according to the relationship between supply and demand outside the plan, and gradually move towards the market price.

However, during the transition period, the dual-track price system means that "planned price" and "unplanned price" coexist. As you can imagine, according to such a dual-track reform, there will inevitably be a phenomenon of cross-track. Because the market price is high and the planned price is low, someone will definitely find a way to transfer the planned quota to the market, and there will be so-called collusion.

In 1985, a phenomenon appeared in China’s economy, which was called official defection, that is, the quota of official reselling plan. If you have connections, you go to the central ministries and commissions to approve a note, and you go to a steel factory to get 100 tons of steel at the planned price. Then, you buy a batch of steel at a low price with this note, and then sell it in the market at a market price higher than the planned price, and you gain huge benefits in the middle. In other words, connections and cops can bring you huge income. For a time, officials have become a corruption phenomenon that we are facing, and it has spread rapidly.

1986: the contest of reform plan

As a transitional way from planned price to market price, when many people discuss the advantages of the dual-track price system, economists such as Wu Jinglian oppose the idea of the dual-track price system. They are opposed to moving closer to the market price through the two-track method. They advocate "a basket of reforms". They believe that many factors in the economic system reform are interrelated, and you can’t just do part of the marketization. If you only do part of the market, it will definitely bring market chaos. At that time, an economic reform design office was established in the State Council, where the economists of the overall reformists were located.

They believe that this method of dual-track system not only leads to inflation, but also leads to corruption, official defection and rent-seeking. At that time, Professor Wu Jinglian and his research team wrote a lot of reports to the Central Committee, and convicted the two-track pricing system of eight crimes.

In the report, the "overall reformists" advocated that "a basket of reforms" should be promoted. In 1986, they submitted a report on the overall reform to the Central Committee, and then the State Council also held a meeting, which was also passed by the Central Committee. Regrettably, two months later, the "reform package" was shelved, so Wu Lao (Wu Jinglian) was deeply concerned about this matter. Wu Lao also mentioned this in his textbook Contemporary Economic Reform in China. Originally, the State Council planned to carry out reform according to this plan, but why did it go back on its word and give up later? I think, at that time, under the macroeconomic background of serious inflation, the "basket reform" plan was too risky. The State Council decided to suspend this reform plan, and instead decided to start the reform of enterprise ownership.

The picture shows the main representatives of the "overall reformist". From the right are: Zhou Xiaochuan (former governor of the People’s Bank of China), Li Jiange (chairman of China International Finance Corporation and former deputy director of the State Council Development Research Center), Lou Jiwei (former minister of finance and former deputy director of the State Council Development Research Center), Wu Jinglian (famous economist and researcher of the State Council Development Research Center), Wu Xiaoling (former vice president of the People’s Bank of China and former director of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange), Guo Shuqing (currently chairman of the Insurance Regulatory Commission of the Bank of China,

From 1984 to 1987, faced with severe inflation, policymakers dared not take risks, and finally decided to shift the focus of reform to enterprise reform, and carry out contract system and joint-stock system reform of state-owned enterprises.

The ownership reform of state-owned enterprises is obviously the direct result after the "basket reform" scheme was shelved, and then the debate turned to enterprise reform. At that time, an economist had been calling for enterprise reform. He has a famous saying that "if China’s economic reform fails, it must be because of price reform;" If it succeeds, it must be because of enterprise reform. " This man is Professor Li Yining from Peking University. Therefore, Li Yining also has a nickname called Li Shares. Because Li Yining advocated that state-owned enterprises should carry out ownership reform and implement joint-stock system.

At that time, the central government gave up the plan of "overall reform" of the economic system represented by Wu Jinglian, and turned to enterprise reform, which virtually supported the plan of joint-stock reform of state-owned enterprises in Li Yining. At that time, I saw a sentence in the article introducing Wu Lao on the China Academic Information Network, saying that he proposed many plans to the government, which were proved to be correct afterwards, but they were often not adopted by the central authorities. I think the most important scheme that has not been adopted is the "overall reform theory" and the later "price breakthrough" scheme.

wu jinglian(Left)And Li Yining.(right)　Both of them are famous economists and leading economists in China.

Wu Lao and Li Lao were born in the same month and studied in the same middle school. But for quite a long time from the late 1980s, the two of them didn’t face each other. Until 2008, when Peking University commemorated the 30th anniversary of China’s economic reform and opening-up, they were invited to participate in the commemorative activities together, and finally attended the ceremony on the same stage, face to face. Li Yining and Wu Jinglian are two representative economists who have made great contributions to the economic reform in China.

In the era of reform in the last century, economists participated in the process of reform in various ways. Everyone can say, "There is my contribution" and "There is my suggestion". Today, this phenomenon is almost impossible. That era was really romantic.

December 1978 Xiaogang Village’s "Fixed-output Household": Bottom-up Agricultural Reform

When it comes to agricultural reform, we should mention Xiaogang Village in Fengyang, Anhui Province, and Wan Li, the former chairman of the National People’s Congress.

When Wan Li was in charge of Anhui Province, a historic event happened in Xiaogang Village, Anhui Province. Eighteen farmers spontaneously carried out the secret action of "fixing production quotas to households" and made this famous contract. This is the winter of 1978.

The picture shows the written contract made by 18 villagers in Xiaogang Village in December, 1978 for the secret "production contract". There are 22 people on this list, including their wives and 18 people with fingerprints. Because it is stipulated in this agreement that if someone has an accident, others will raise their children until they are 18 years old, so this contract requires their wives to be present. The original handprint is kept in the Chinese History Museum, and a copy is kept in the museum in Xiaogang Village.

In November 1978, the 18 villagers in Xiaogang Village secretly discussed in Yan’s family that they would "fix the production quota to each household" and distribute the land to each family. It is risky to do this, and if it is leaked, it will lead to decapitation, so they pressed their handprints and promised to raise their children until they are 18 years old. This is a very tragic thing.

It is said that Wan Li, who was in charge of Anhui Province, knew about this matter, and Wan Li secretly sent people to Xiaogang Village to learn about the situation. Because the 18 farmers in Xiaogang Village worked for a year, the village next to them found that the village had an unexpected harvest, so they found that they secretly distributed the land to their families, so someone reported it to them. We can reasonably speculate that Wan Li knew about it at that time. However, Wan Li wisely called Deng Xiaoping to ask what to do. It is said that Deng Xiaoping’s reply was very simple, and he just did not say anything.

Wan Li thought that what Xiaogang Village did spontaneously was the right way, so he wrote a report to the Central Committee and got the support of Deng Xiaoping. Then, he wrote a report to the State Agriculture Committee and the Ministry of Agriculture, suggesting that the "household contract responsibility system" should be fully implemented, but the Ministry of Agriculture was very conservative. Wan Li was so upset. In 1980, Wan Li went to work in the Central Committee and served as the Deputy Prime Minister, in charge of agriculture. After working in the Central Committee for one year, starting from 1981, he proposed a comprehensive rectification of the Ministry of Agriculture to eliminate resistance.

During the discussion in the Central Committee, Wan Li and Hu Yaobang reached a consensus, advocating the promotion of "fixing production quotas to households" throughout the country. However, the resistance was particularly great, and there were great differences of opinion among the central decision-makers. The final decision was a compromise. The household contract responsibility system was implemented in different regions, not in developed regions, but only in particularly poor places, and everything in between also depends on the situation. Therefore, we can think that the household contract responsibility system was implemented "conditionally" at that time. However, Wan Li still thinks that farmers are eager to distribute their fields to their families.

At this time, Hu Yaobang stood on Wan Li’s side and gave Wan Li a lot of support. Despite great resistance, Wan Li and Hu Yaobang are still planning to draft a document to promote the household responsibility contract system.

In any case, Hu Yaobang and Wan Li are still actively promoting the "fixed production quotas" and finally persuaded the old comrades in the Central Committee. This formed the the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China No.1 Document in early 1982 (until now, this tradition continues, and the No.1 document issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China every year must be about agriculture), agreeing to gradually promote the implementation of the household responsibility contract system nationwide.

In 1982, the entity of the people’s commune still existed. A year later, in 1983, the people’s commune was substantially disintegrated and the township government was established. In other words, the people’s commune was completely replaced by the township government in 1983. In fact, it was not completed until the end of 1984. Therefore, when the household contract responsibility system was implemented in 1982, the people’s commune was still there. But without the joint efforts of Hu Yaobang and Wan Li, it is estimated that this matter will drag on for a long time.

Unusual in 1978: the first year of reform

Because this year marks the 40th anniversary of reform and opening up, we must tell more about what happened in 1978. In November 1978, Xiaogang village in Anhui province spontaneously appeared the action of "fixing production to households"; In April 1978, the State Planning Commission and the Ministry of Foreign Trade sent a delegation from Hong Kong and Macao, which finally led to the establishment of Shekou Industrial Zone and the establishment of a dock connecting Hong Kong and Macao, and later further led to the establishment of four special economic zones. What is more worth mentioning is that 1978 was a year of going abroad. In that year, 13 leaders of the Central Committee at or above the deputy national level made 20 overseas inspections.

Where did Deng Xiaoping go in 1978? First, Deng Xiaoping went to Japan in October. He visited Panasonic, and the Japanese used microwave ovens to process food. He felt very strange after seeing it. It can be said that when he went abroad for inspection in 1978, he was stimulated a lot. He also took the Shinkansen and said a meaningful sentence: This speed is just right for us.

The picture above shows Deng Xiaoping visiting Japan in 1978 and taking the Shinkansen. The picture below shows the governor of California riding the China high-speed train in 2017. Forty years ago, when Deng Xiaoping took the Japanese Shinkansen, he was filled with emotion: "Just like pushing us to run, we really need to run now!" Forty years later, the governor of California, USA, issued a similar sigh while riding the China high-speed train.

Then he went to New Matai and met with Lee Kuan Yew, then President of Singapore. In Singapore, what impressed him most was Singapore’s utilization of foreign capital, which was also the reason why he insisted on the establishment of Shenzhen Special Zone and the introduction of foreign capital. In the plan of establishing Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, it has always been emphasized that overseas Chinese should be used to introduce investment. Why does Deng Xiaoping support such a plan? Because he saw successful experience and amazing economic achievements in Singapore. He believes that China must open up and make use of foreign capital.

At the same time, Gu Mu took a delegation to visit West Germany and wrote a very detailed report after he came back. All these things happened before November 1978. Shortly after Deng Xiaoping returned from Singapore, he held a 36-day democratic thought meeting. It is to prepare for the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee at the end of the year.

The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee was held in Beijing Jingxi Hotel from December 18 to 22, 1978. Before that, the Central Committee held a 36-day democratic life meeting at the suggestion of Deng Xiaoping. During the 36-day meeting, the leaders who went abroad will bring back many new ideas from abroad and share them with the comrades of the whole Party. More importantly, Deng Xiaoping and the then top leaders of the Central Committee have waged an ideological struggle on whether to give up the class struggle and shift the focus of the Party’s work to economic construction. In a sense, this 36-day democratic thought meeting is the real starting point of China’s reform and opening up.

The Democratic Thought Conference has made great achievements, that is, Deng Xiaoping’s closing speech at this conference, "Emancipate the mind, seek truth from facts, unite and look forward". If we read through the full text, we will find that this speech is very, very important. It was in this closing speech that Deng Xiaoping came up with the important idea that developing economy rather than class struggle is the first priority. The theme of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee is actually to learn from Deng Xiaoping’s closing speech.

This historic change in the Party’s ideological line gave top priority to economic construction and bid farewell to the Cultural Revolution, which led to the romantic, rational and passionate years of reform in the 1980s.

(The above content is excerpted from Professor Zhang Jun’s speech entitled "Passionate Years-Economic Reform You Don’t Know" at the Starry Platform of Fudan University on April 19, 2018. The article was compiled by Wu Yiye, research assistant of the International School of Social Work, East China University of Science and Technology. )

　　editorial comment/note

　　As International Consumer Rights Day, on March 15th every year, all kinds of anti-counterfeiting activities attract the most attention. As consumers, we can complain about rights protection if we eat fake food or buy fake goods; But when we enjoy "spiritual food" and watch "fake movies or TV", can we only admit that we are unlucky and have no recourse?

　　After all, in today’s film and television industry, we have become accustomed to data fraud. In 2016, ip man 3 was found by the regulatory authorities to have a fake box office of 32 million yuan and a box office purchased by the publisher of 56 million yuan; Monster hunt, which set a box office record in 2015, was even more because of the falsification of data, which led the authoritative foreign box office website Box Office Mojo to announce that it would no longer provide box office data of China film market, because it lacked "consistent and accurate" data sources.

　　The TV industry can’t be immune to it. It is reported that the current price of purchasing ratings has climbed to 300,000 to 500,000 yuan per episode, and a satellite TV channel needs to pay 4 billion yuan for ratings fraud throughout the year. In such a big environment, it is no wonder that consumers always suspect that they are watching fake movies or fake TVs that are different from others when watching movies with box office exceeding 100 million or TV dramas with top ten ratings.

　　Truth | law

　　Liu Junhai (Professor, Law School, Renmin University of China)

　　Film and television works are also regulated by the Consumer Protection Law.

　　Beijing News: As consumers, should the audience get some protection when consuming spiritual products? In an environment where fake data is rampant, are we considered to be infringed?

　　Spiritual products are also commodities. It also applies to market rules, including supply and demand rules, so it is completely adjusted by the Consumer Protection Law, which means that the goods and services adjusted by the Consumer Protection Law include film and television works.

　　Therefore, consumers of film and television works certainly enjoy the right to know, the right to choose, the right to fair trade and the right to security. If some cinemas and website platforms falsify and deliberately use water injection data, brush data and box office water injection, this actually constitutes fraud. According to the provisions of the Consumer Protection Law, consumers have the right to ask for a refund of 100 yuan if they buy a ticket with 100 yuan. Pay another 300 yuan.

　　Only in this way can we exert punitive damages, severely punish the faithless, fully compensate the victims and the audience, effectively motivate the rights-defending audience, warn the film and television industry, and at the same time, make things clear.

　　The untrustworthy in the film and television industry should pay the economic price.

　　Beijing News: Zhao Dongling, deputy to the National People’s Congress and screenwriter, suggested that criminal law should be used to punish plagiarism, box office water injection and data brushing. Is it realistic to rely on imprisonment to solve any chaos?

　　Although I am in favor of severe punishment for chaos and severe medicine for furuncle, "severe punishment" and "severe medicine" are not limited to criminal responsibility More importantly, it should activate civil liability. As long as the injured audience gets real money compensation, and the counterfeiters and faithless people really pay the economic price they are unwilling to bear, the effect should be very good.

　　We often say that the market has eyes and the law has teeth. To polish the eyes of the market, it also includes letting consumers pay more attention to their wallets when choosing demonstration works, and rationally choose their favorite film and television works; Temper the teeth of the law, including traditional civil liability, administrative liability, criminal liability, and the current credit sanctions mechanism-not only embarrassing, but also a breach of trust is limited everywhere.

　　In addition, to regulate the chaos in the film and television market, it is necessary to innovate the joint punishment mechanism for dishonesty. For example, when the producer or director of a broken promise works and other creative works reinvest and shoot other films in the future, the competent authorities will know fairly well-permission is troublesome, not to mention applying for relevant loans, participating in the government procurement market, participating in the "Five One Project" and so on, and I am afraid that they will all be missed in the future-equivalent to our court’s handling of "Lao Lai". Let the untrustworthy pay the price and let the honest get the pass. Only in this way can film and television works release positive energy and clear hidden rules.

　　With the improvement of people’s living standards, people have more and more demand for excellent film and television works. In fact, a good work is not a big hit, and it is not necessary to adopt dishonest marketing methods such as thirty-six schemes and larded studies-artists should have a conscience. Moreover, the problem of video data fraud should not be paid attention to until March 15 th Consumer Protection Day. This is a big problem related to the sustainable development of our film and television industry and market. My idea is to create an "audience-friendly" China film and television market, which can be truly shared by all creative parties and ordinary audiences.

　　False | data

　　Lv Yuxiang (teacher of Tsinghua University School of Journalism and Communication)

　　Video data should be supervised, and it is also important for the audience to improve their literacy.

　　Beijing News: During the two sessions, issues such as water injection and data brushing at the box office of film and television dramas were raised by many members. Can this problem be solved by technology?

　　For example, some data platforms can filter out some abnormal data through algorithms. This has long been technically realized. It is not difficult to find false data. The question is, who will make it public? Doing these things requires costs, and it can be done once or twice. In the long run, no one (or institution) will be able to afford it.

　　Data platform is a part of the market, so this problem is not only a matter of data platform, but also a market means. Practitioners are just driven by interests and take advantage of some loopholes that can be exploited. Moreover, no algorithm is perfect, and there will be defects. As long as there is demand in the market, there will always be some people who use it to achieve market goals. This is an industrial chain, but the problem will never be solved by criticizing them without guiding the audience-that is, improving the audience’s aesthetic and ability to distinguish between good and bad.

　　The data platform is not monopolized, and its influence is different.

　　Beijing News: Some members suggested that "monopoly should be broken, and new statistical methods such as real-time ratings should be introduced to realize a scientific system in which multiple ratings survey modes coexist." Can you explain it in detail?

　　In fact, operators, broadcasting systems and media platforms now have their own databases, which may cause other contradictions once they are made public. Official data, such as some ratings survey companies, are actually very few samples in different cities. Using such a small sample to interpret a problem in a large range can reflect a trend, but this sample cannot be used to delve into specific details.

　　If you think that the scoring and box office data of the open platform are very watery, there is actually not only one platform. Some research institutions also have their own monitoring, but their data are generally not completely open and have little influence, but some professionals may refer to them.

　　Can’t rely on the regulatory authorities for everything.

　　Beijing News: Can we rely on the government to establish a third-party data platform to control video data fraud?

　　This goes back to the first question. If the government leads, the government will invest money to be a platform or invest manpower to supervise. Who will this money be invested in? Is it necessary to create a new position? Personally, I don’t think we can let the government do everything, and let the market run and solve it when there is a market mechanism. As far as this issue is concerned, the official responsibility-whether the government or the media-should be to remind the audience not to blindly trust the data. If you know that the fraud is serious, the content itself is not good. As an audience, you should not watch it. This is a personal media literacy problem.

　　In a word, we can’t let the government solve all the problems while calling for decentralization. The establishment of a third-party data platform is not necessary to increase the workload of the management department-and it may not be done well.

　　What can you do if you find "false ratings"?

　　department responsible for the work

　　The Film Industry Promotion Law, which came into effect on March 1, 2017, stipulates that if film distribution enterprises and cinemas make false transactions, falsely report sales revenue, etc., disrupting the order of the film market, the film authorities of the people’s governments at or above the county level shall order them to make corrections, confiscate their illegal income, impose fines according to specific circumstances, and may take measures such as ordering them to suspend business for rectification and revoking their licenses according to the seriousness of the circumstances.

　　consumer

　　According to China’s Law on the Protection of Consumers’ Rights and Interests, business operators should provide consumers with information about goods or services truthfully and comprehensively, and must not make false or misleading propaganda; Consumers also have the right to report and sue acts that infringe on consumers’ rights and interests. Therefore, when we meet relevant operators and use false data in the process of film and television promotion, we can not only write film reviews truthfully, but also report them to relevant departments. □ Xiaoxiao (Master of Laws)

　　BEIJING, Beijing, August 31 (Xinhua) On the 30th, the "Implementation Plan for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Myopia among Children and Adolescents" formulated by the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission was announced. For example, ensure that primary school students sleep for 10 hours every day, prohibit students from bringing electronic products such as mobile phones into the classroom, and control the number of new online games. The plan lists a series of hard measures to "protect their eyes" for children and adolescents.

　　— — By 2030, the myopia rate of high school students will drop below 70%

　　The plan proposes that by 2023, we will strive to reduce the overall myopia rate of children and adolescents nationwide by more than 0.5 percentage points per year on the basis of 2018, and the provinces with high incidence of myopia will reduce by more than 1 percentage point per year.

　　By 2030, the rate of new-onset myopia among children and adolescents in China will be significantly reduced, and the overall level of children and adolescents’ visual health will be significantly improved. The myopia rate of 6-year-old children will be controlled at around 3%, the myopia rate of primary school students will be reduced to below 38%, the myopia rate of junior high school students will be reduced to below 60%, the myopia rate of senior high school students will be reduced to below 70%, and the excellent rate of national students’ physical health standards will be over 25%.

　　[family]

　　— — Children are exposed to outdoor natural light for more than 60 minutes every day at home.

　　The plan requires that a good family sports atmosphere should be created, and children should be actively guided to engage in outdoor activities or physical exercise, so that they can be exposed to outdoor natural light for more than 60 minutes every day at home.

　　Encourage and support children to participate in various forms of sports activities, urge children to conscientiously complete sports homework in winter and summer vacations, enable them to master 1-2 sports skills, and guide children to develop lifelong exercise habits.

　　— — The cumulative use of electronic products for non-learning purposes should not exceed 1 hour per day.

　　The plan reminds parents to control the use of electronic products, and consciously control their children, especially preschool children, to use electronic products. The single use of electronic products for non-learning purposes should not exceed 15 minutes, and the cumulative time should not exceed 1 hour every day. After studying with electronic products for 30-40 minutes, they should take a rest and relax for 10 minutes. The younger they are, the shorter the continuous use of electronic products should be.

　　— — Ensure that primary school students sleep for 10 hours every day.

　　The plan requires that parents should supervise and correct their children’s bad reading and writing posture at any time, and the continuous eye use time for reading and writing should not exceed 40 minutes.

　　Parents should cooperate with the school to effectively reduce the burden on their children. Don’t blindly participate in extracurricular training and follow the trend. They should make reasonable choices according to their hobbies to avoid reducing the burden on schools and families.

　　Guarantee children’s sleep time, and ensure that primary school students sleep 10 hours a day, junior high school students 9 hours, and senior high school students 8 hours.

　　— — Not assigning homework in the first and second grades of primary school should not make students’ homework become parents’ homework.

　　The plan requires that schools should reduce students’ academic burden. There is no written homework for the first and second grades of primary school, and the completion time of written homework for the third to sixth grades should not exceed 60 minutes, and it should not exceed 90 minutes for junior high school. The homework time should also be reasonably arranged for senior high school. Strengthen practical homework, reduce mechanical and repetitive training, and prevent students’ homework from evolving into parents’ homework.

　　— — Grade one and grade two exams shall not exceed once per semester, and other grades shall not exceed twice.

　　The plan stipulates that the number of unified examinations in the compulsory education stage should be resolutely controlled. The first and second grades of primary school should not exceed once per semester, and other grades should not exceed twice per semester. It is strictly forbidden to publish students’ test scores and rankings in any form or manner; It is strictly forbidden to use the award-winning certificates of various competitions, academic competition results or grading certificates as the basis for enrollment; It is strictly forbidden to organize examinations to select students in various names.

　　— — Adjust the seat every month according to the change of students’ vision, and adjust the seat height every semester.

　　The plan requires that the phenomenon of "large class size" be eliminated quickly. The compliance rate of school classroom lighting hygiene standards is 100%. According to the viewing angle of students’ seats, the lighting situation in the classroom and the changes of students’ eyesight, the students’ seats are adjusted every month, and the height of students’ desks and chairs is adjusted individually every semester to adapt to the growth and development of students.

　　According to the plan, ensure that primary and secondary school students have more than one hour of physical activity time every day at school. Strictly implement the national physical education and health curriculum standards, and ensure that the first and second grades of primary school have 4 class hours per week, the third to sixth grades and junior high school have 3 class hours per week, and the senior high school has 2 class hours per week. Primary and secondary schools arrange 30 minutes of big recess sports activities every day.

　　— — Students are strictly forbidden to bring electronic products such as mobile phones and tablets into the classroom.

　　According to the plan, schools should prohibit students from bringing personal mobile phones, tablets and other electronic products into the classroom, and those brought into the school should be kept in a unified way. In school education, electronic products are used reasonably according to the principle of demand, and teaching and assignment are not dependent on electronic products. In principle, the teaching time using electronic products should not exceed 30% of the total teaching time, and paper homework should be used in principle.

　　— — Textbooks, test papers and other font papers should protect their eyesight and push mandatory standards before the end of next year.

　　According to the plan, before the end of 2019, National Health Commission will, together with relevant departments, issue relevant mandatory standards to strictly regulate the fonts and papers of textbooks, teaching AIDS, examination papers, exercise books, newspapers and other printed materials and publications for children and adolescents, as well as study lamps, so as to protect their eyesight.

　　— — Regulating the total amount of online games and controlling the number of online games newly added.

　　According to the plan, the State Press and Publication Administration should regulate the total number of online games, control the number of new online games, explore an age-appropriate reminder system in line with national conditions, and take measures to limit the use time of minors.

　　In addition, the State Administration of Market Supervision should strictly supervise the optometry and glasses industry, standardize the glasses market, and prevent unqualified glasses from entering the market. Strengthen advertising supervision and investigate and deal with false and illegal advertisements for myopia prevention and control products according to law.

　　— — Prevention and control of myopia, overall myopia rate and physical health are included in the government performance appraisal.

　　According to the plan, the State Council authorized the Ministry of Education, the National Health and Wellness Commission and the provincial people’s governments to sign responsibility letters for comprehensively strengthening the prevention and control of myopia among children and adolescents, and local people’s governments at all levels signed responsibility letters step by step. The prevention and control of myopia in children and adolescents, the overall myopia rate and physical health status will be included in the government performance appraisal.

　　Incorporate vision health into quality education, incorporate children’s physical and mental health and schoolwork burden into the national compulsory education quality monitoring and evaluation system, and hold local governments and schools accountable according to laws and regulations for the decline of children’s physical health for three consecutive years.

　　CCTV News recently reported on the safety investigation of self-heating hot pot.

　　You don’t need fire or electricity, just add a bottle of water, and you can enjoy the hot pot … … Nowadays, the so-called "lazy people cook their own hot pot" has quietly become popular, and some brands have also introduced self-heating foods such as rice, noodles and vermicelli. However, in the investigation, the reporter found that although the self-heating convenient hot pot is delicious and fast, there are certain safety hazards. The heating package of self-heating food is flammable and explosive, so consumers should be very careful when using it, and it is not allowed to take it by train or plane.

　　What is a self-heating hotpot?

　　Self-heating hot pot does not need fire or plug in electricity, and it is mainly composed of ingredients, an ingredient pot, a pot cover, an outer pot and a heating bag. The heating principle is to use the substance in the heating bag to contact with water to release heat, so that the temperature of the food in the upper food pot increases after absorbing heat. Besides self-heating chafing dish, it is also called micro chafing dish, clear boiled chafing dish and self-cooking chafing dish.

　　This product, which first appeared in Wechat business’s circle of friends, attracted more and more catering and food companies to join. From making hot pot bottom materials to chain hot pot restaurants, many companies have started self-heating small hot pot business. Even a good shop that makes snacks sells self-heating hot pot in its own Tmall flagship store. Now go to e-commerce platforms such as Tmall and JD.COM to search for "self-heating hot pot", and at least nearly 30 brands will appear.

　　Eat a hot pot and call the police!

　　However, there is no small safety risk in this convenient hot food. The reporter noticed that there are many reports on the Internet that the alarm will give an alarm when the self-heating hot pot is used, and consumers have sent the video that triggered the continuous alarm of the gas alarm when using the self-heating hot pot to the short video platform.

　　Consumer Xiao Chen has been afraid to eat self-heating hot pot at home since it caused the gas alarm to call the police. According to reports, she was operating in the kitchen according to the instructions. After the lid began to steam, she planned to go back to the house for a while, but before she left the kitchen, the gas alarm suddenly rang.

　　"At that time, I was shocked. I was afraid of gas leakage and specially called the gas company. The other party said that the gas did not leak after the door-to-door inspection." The inspectors said that it may be caused by the self-heating chafing dish, because the gas alarm will only give an alarm when it detects that carbon monoxide exceeds the standard, which may be caused by the gas released when the self-heating chafing dish is heated.

　　In addition, consumer Xiao Li told reporters that once he ate self-heating rice on the glass coffee table at home, the vent hole on the lid of the box just burst, and he heard a bang, and the corner of the glass coffee table burst, causing the rice to spill all over the floor.

　　The reporter bought a box of self-heating hot pot at random. After unpacking, first put the hot pot bottom and all the ingredients into the lunch box and add cold water. Then tear off the outer bag of the heating package and put it in the bottom box, and add cold water without heating the package. Place the food box on the heating bag, open the vent hole on the closed cover and cover the hot pot tightly. After a few seconds, steam will be ejected from the vent hole. After a few minutes, the sound of boiling water will be heard in the box, and the box will expand and deform when heated, and the high temperature can be felt near the lunch box. After more than 10 minutes, the box gave out a bang, and then the gas alarm at the reporter’s home rang. Turn off the gas alarm and wait for a few minutes, open the airtight cover, and high-temperature steam will blow on my face. In the process of eating, the self-heating hot pot has always maintained a high temperature. After eating for an hour, the outside of the lunch box still feels hot.

　　The manufacturer said this.

　　Why does the alarm continue to alarm?

　　So, what is the reason that causes the gas alarm to alarm continuously? The reporter dialed the telephone number of the manufacturer of the heating package. "When the heating package heats up, it will produce a small amount of hydrogen, because hydrogen will cause the smoke sensor to alarm." The person in charge of a heating package manufacturer said. Hydrogen is a combustible and reducing gas. Pure hydrogen burns quietly in the air, while impure hydrogen may explode when it burns.

　　Is it dangerous to generate hydrogen in the heating package?

　　However, in view of the hydrogen generated during the reaction of the heating package, the personnel of the manufacturer claimed to the reporter that "there is absolutely no safety hazard".

　　The person in charge of a heating package manufacturer told the reporter: "It doesn’t matter. If that thing is dangerous, it can’t be so hot in the market. Don’t think it’s so dangerous, it’s not so dangerous, and big companies are doing it."

　　safety test

　　1 In a confined space, the heating package has the risk of deflagration.

　　The manufacturer of the heating package said that there was absolutely no potential safety hazard. However, reports about the alarm of the self-heating food appeared from time to time. Then, is there a safety hazard after the heating package reacts with water?

　　Not long ago, the Shanghai Consumer Protection Committee informed about the testing of 20 self-heating instant hot pot products. The test items include the inspection of appearance and packaging label, the surface temperature of the pot, the gas released by the heating package when it meets water, the secondary water addition reaction of the heating package, the composition and content of the heating package and other indicators. The test results show that all the tested heating packages belong to "substances or mixtures that emit flammable gases when in contact with water".

　　Shang Zhaocong, executive deputy director of the National Chemical Product Safety Quality Inspection Center, told the reporter: "We have done a lot of experiments, and basically each heating package can generate about 40 liters of hydrogen. The combustion limit of hydrogen in air is 4% to 75.6%. Of course, there are other closed or semi-closed conditions, such as inside the car, which will have similar risks. "

　　You should also be careful when eating hot pot together on the tourist bus.

　　Not only the self-heating food may bring the risk of deflagration when it is used in a closed space, but also it has great safety hazards when it is used intensively in some public places.

　　Xiao Qiuping, assistant director of the National Chemical Products Safety Quality Inspection Center, said: "For example, many tourists don’t know that hydrogen will be generated during the driving of tourist buses and long-distance buses. The large-scale use of self-heating hot pot may lead to the accumulation of hydrogen in vehicles, especially in summer, when the air conditioner is turned on, and the whole compartment is in a closed environment. In this case, if the lower explosion limit concentration is reached and a little fire source is encountered, a lighter is not needed.

　　3 After using the discarded heating package, there are still potential safety hazards.

　　Experts also told reporters that not only the self-heating products may bring the risk of deflagration after reaching the deflagration limit value of hydrogen in the use process, but also there are safety hazards after using the discarded heating packages.

　　In this experiment, the Shanghai Consumer Protection Committee also submerged 20 sample heating packages in water again. The results show that there are 14 samples of heating packs with different degrees of continuous deflation. The reaction duration is more than 3 minutes, and the longest is 8 minutes.

　　If such a heating package is discarded and meets water in a closed space such as a garbage can, and a little fire source is added, it may burn.

　　Safety warning to be standardized, safety standards to be issued.

　　In terms of product standards, there are currently no national and industrial standards related to self-heating instant hot pot products and heating packages in China. In fact, this unpredictable but possible security risk needs to be clearly reminded before users use it. However, the reporter found that at present, no self-heating product on the market has made a clear warning against these problems.

　　Cai En, director of the Consumer Guidance Department of the Shanghai Consumer Rights Protection Committee, said: "The manufacturer of heating packs should first make further tests and analysis on the components and related proportions of its heating packs, including the weight, to ensure that this heating pack can fully respond and ensure the safety of consumers when using it."

　　In this test, 18 samples of heating packages were marked with main components and corresponding enterprise standard codes. According to the marked main components, it can be divided into two groups: group ⅰ is calcium oxide, aluminum particles and sodium bicarbonate; Group II is calcium oxide, aluminum powder, sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide. The heating packages of the other two self-heating instant hot pot samples were not marked with ingredients and enterprise standard codes.

　　According to the Catalogue of Hazardous Chemicals (2015 Edition) issued by state administration of work safety and other ten ministries and commissions, "aluminum powder" belongs to hazardous chemicals. In the list of dangerous goods in the United Nations Model Regulations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, "uncoated" aluminum powder belongs to the listed 4.3 substances that release flammable gases when meeting water; Sodium hydroxide belongs to the listed class 8 corrosive products. When transported by air, calcium oxide belongs to the eighth corrosion product listed in the list. The heating package belongs to the substances listed in the list that release flammable gas when it meets water.

　　According to the classification standard of the United Nations "Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods Model Regulations", the self-heating instant chafing dish products are dangerous goods in transportation, because of the danger of releasing flammable gas when encountering water.

　　Therefore, China’s civil aviation system has completely banned the carrying of self-heating products on the plane. The regulations on railway safety management issued by Guangxi also clearly stipulate that it is forbidden to use self-heating food on bullet trains.

　　Use reminder

　　Shanghai Consumer Protection Committee reminds consumers:

　　● Read the instructions of the product before use, and operate in strict accordance with the prompts, especially not in closed and narrow environments such as cars, avoiding naked flames, and minors can use it under the guidance of adults.

　　● When using, please pay attention to placing the product on the anti-scalding table, and avoid touching the outer pot to avoid scalding.

　　● After use, the instant chafing dish garbage should avoid massive accumulation or direct contact with water, and be classified according to the regulations of Shanghai Municipal Domestic Waste Management, and the used heating package should be classified and disposed according to harmful waste.

　　Self-heating food raw materials have the problem of nutrient loss.

　　Chen Rong, president of the Nutritionist Association of Heilongjiang Province and a national first-class nutritionist, said that the nutritional value of vegetable raw materials in self-heated food could not be compared with that of fresh vegetables.

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